Determining the sign of Δ31\Delta_{31} at long baseline neutrino experiments

Recently it is advocated that high intensity and low energy $(E_\nu \sim 2 GeV)$ neutrino beams should be built to probe the $(13)$ mixing angle $\phi$ to a level of a few parts in $10^4$. Experiments using such beams will have better signal to background ratio in searches for $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ oscillations. We propose that such experiments can also determine the sign of $\Delta_{31}$ even if the beam consists of {\it neutrinos} only. By measuring the $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ transitions in two different energy ranges, the effects due to propagation of neutrinos through earth's crust can be isolated and the sign of $\Delta_{31}$ can be determined. If the sensitivity of an experiment to $\phi$ is $\epsilon$, then the same experiment is automatically sensitive to matter effects and the sign of $\Delta_{31}$ for values of $\phi \geq 2 \epsilon$.Comment: Title changed and paper rewritten. 4 pages, 1 figure, revte

Pre-processing Algorithm for Rectification of Geometric Distortions in Satellite Images

A number of algorithms have been reported to process and remove geometric distortions in satellite images. Ortho-correction, geometric error correction, radiometric error removal, etc are a few important examples. These algorithm require supplementary meta-information of the satellite images such as ground control points and correspondence, sensor orientation details, elevation profile of the terrain, etc to establish corresponding transformations. In this paper, a pre-processing algorithm has been proposed which removes systematic distortions of a satellite image and thereby removes the blank portion of the image. It is an input-to-output mapping of image pixels, where the transformation computes the coordinate of each output pixel corresponding to the input pixel of an image. The transformation is established by the exact amount of scaling, rotation and translation needed for each pixel in the input image so that the distortion induced during the recording stage is corrected.Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(2), pp.174-179, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.42

Evaluation of rice–legume–rice cropping system on grain yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil

To achieve higher yields and better soil quality under rice–legume–rice (RLR) rotation in a rainfed production system, we formulated integrated nutrient management (INM) comprised of Azospirillum (Azo), Rhizobium (Rh), and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) with phosphate rock (PR), compost, and muriate of potash (MOP). Performance of bacterial bioinoculants was evaluated by determining grain yield, nitrogenase activity, uptake and balance of N, P, and Zn, changes in water stability and distribution of soil aggregates, soil organic C and pH, fungal/bacterial biomass C ratio, casting activities of earthworms, and bacterial community composition using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting. The performance comparison was made against the prevailing farmers’ nutrient management practices [N/P2O5/K2O at 40:20:20 kg ha−1 for rice and 20:30:20 kg ha−1 for legume as urea/single super-phosphate/MOP (urea/SSP/MOP)]. Cumulative grain yields of crops increased by 7–16% per RLR rotation and removal of N and P by six crops of 2 years rotation increased significantly (P < 0.05) in bacterial bioinoculants-based INM plots over that in compost alone or urea/SSP/MOP plots. Apparent loss of soil total N and P at 0–15 cm soil depth was minimum and apparent N gain at 15–30 cm depth was maximum in Azo/Rh plus PSB dual INM plots. Zinc uptake by rice crop and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-extractable Zn content in soil increased significantly (P < 0.05) in bacterial bioinoculants-based INM plots compared to other nutrient management plots. Total organic C content in soil declined at 0–15 cm depth and increased at 15–30 cm depth in all nutrient management plots after a 2-year crop cycle; however, bacterial bioinoculants-based INM plots showed minimum loss and maximum gain of total organic C content in the corresponding soil depths. Water-stable aggregation and distribution of soil aggregates in 53–250- and 250–2,000 μm classes increased significantly (P < 0.05) in bacterial bioinoculants-based INM plots compared to other nutrient management plots. Fungal/bacterial biomass C ratio seems to be a more reliable indicator of C and N dynamics in acidic soils than total microbial biomass C. Compost alone or Azo/Rh plus PSB dual INM plots showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher numbers of earthworms’ casts compared to urea/SSP/MOP alone and bacterial bioinoculants with urea or SSP-applied plots. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on similarity matrix of DGGE profiles revealed changes in bacterial community composition in soils due to differences in nutrient management, and these changes were seen to occur according to the states of C and N dynamics in acidic soil under RLR rotation

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF COMBINED FLOATING-BIOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF ATENOLOL

Objective: A combination of the Floating-Bioadhesive system will overcome the drawbacks of floating &amp; bioadhesive systems if used alone and will have a significant effect on improving the therapeutic effect of the drug involved. The present study involves the formulation and in vitro evaluation of atenolol floating-Bioadhesive tablet for prolonged residence in the stomach for the treatment of hypertension.Methods: The tablets were prepared by direct compression method using directly compressible polymers such as, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) K15M, Guar gum, Carbopol, and sodium alginate. The tablets were evaluated for buoyancy test, mucoadhesion force, swelling study, drug content, ex-vivo mucoadhesion strength and in-vitro release profile. Sodium bicarbonate was used for producing the effervescent base for the buoyancy of tablets.Results: Formulation F9 contains polymer sodium alginate which has shown highest percentage cumulative drug release up to 99.12%. No significant change was observed in physical appearance, drug content, float ability or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 45 °C/75% RH for three months.Conclusion: In this present research work it was concluded that the cumulative drug release increased when the viscosity and concentration of the polymer was increased. The swelling properties were increased with increasing polymer concentration and contributed to the drug release from the tablet matrix.Â

Moguće kršenje CPT zbog učinaka na Planckovoj ljestvici

At present there is good agreement between the neutrino mass-squared difference determined from the solar neutrino data and the anti-neutrino mass-squared difference determined from the KamLAND reactor anti-neutrino experiment. However, the central values of the two cases differ from each other by about 10-5 eV2. An improvement in the accuracy of both the solar neutrino experiments and reactor anti-neutrino experiments could establish the existence of a non-zero difference between neutrino and anti-neutrino mass-squared differences and provide a signal for CPT violation. In this paper, we show how such a difference can arise through the CPT violating neutrino mass terms from Planck scale physics.Sada je sklad između razlika kvadrata neutrinskih masa određenih mjerenjima s neutrinima sa Sunca i mjerenjima na KamLAND reaktoru s antineutrinima dobar. Međutim, utvrđena je mala razlika središnjih vrijednosti od oko 10−5 eV2 . Poboljšanje točnosti kako u mjerenjima s neutrinima sa Sunca, tako i s reaktorskim antineutrinima moglo bi pokazati postojanje stvarnog neslaganja neutrinske i antineutrinske razlike kvadrata masa, što bi ukazalo na kršenje CPT simetrije. U ovom se radu pokazuje kako takav nesklad može nastati zbog članova u neutrinskim masama koji krše CPT simetriju a posljedica su fizike na Planckovoj ljestvici

Quantum Gravity Correction to Co-bimaximal Neutrino Mixings

The quantum gravity may have strong consequence for neutrino oscillation phenemomenon. We found a significant modification of neutrino oscillation due to quantum gravity effects in specific case. We also assume that just above the electroweak scale, neutrino masses are degenerate and their mixing is co-bimaximal. Quantum gravity (Planck scale effects) leads to an effective SU(2)L × U(1) invariant dimension-5 Lagrangian involving, neutrino and Higgs fields. On symmetry breaking, this operator gives rise to correction to the neutrino masses and mixing. The gravitational interaction (MX=Mpl) demands that the element of this perturbation matrix should be independent of flavor indices. In this paper, we compute the deviation of the three neutrino mixing angles due to Planck scale effects in a co-bimaximal scheme. We found that the change in θ 12 can be as large as 3.15o &nbsp

Control of Lithium-Ion Battery Warm-up from Sub-zero Temperatures

The archetype of rechargeable technology, Li-ion batteries have over the last decade benefited from improvements in material science through increased energy and power density. Although widely adopted, these batteries suffer from significant performance degradation at low temperatures, posing a challenge for automotive applications, especially during vehicle start-up. This begs the question: if one was to seek an energy optimal warm-up strategy, how would it look? Moreover, if as much as 22% of reduction in range of electric vehicles is attributable to onboard battery heating systems, would an optimal heating strategy alleviate this energy drain and at what drawback? This thesis addresses these questions. To that end, we pose and solve two energy-optimal warm-up strategies in addition to developing tools that will enable one to make prudent decisions on whether warm-up is feasible if the battery energy state falls too low. In this dissertation, we address the four main aspects of control design modeling, control, verification and adaptation. There are two primary control strategies that are designed in this dissertation and tools to analyze them are developed. The first warm-up scenario involves a receding horizon optimal control problem whose objective trades-offs increase in battery's temperature by self-heating against energy expended. The shape of battery current is restricted to be bi-directional pulses that charge and discharge the cell at relatively high frequencies via an external capacitor. The optimal control problem solves for the amplitude of the pulse train and the results clarify issues associated with capacitor size, time and lost energy stored. The second control policy is deduced by solving an optimal discharge control problem for the trajectory of power that could self-heat the cell and at the same time feed an external heater whilst minimizing the loss in state of charge. Batteries inevitably age as they are used and consequently their dynamics also change. Since both proposed methods are model based, the last of part of this dissertation proposes a novel augmented-state-space partitioning technique which can be used to design cascaded nonlinear estimators. Using this partitioning technique, the relative average estimability of the different states of the electrical and thermal model is studied and Dual Extended Kalman Filters are built and validated in simulations. All the methods developed are demonstrated via a combination of simulation and experiments on Iron Phosphate or Nickel Manganese Cobalt Li-ion battery cell which have high power capability and could be used in replacement of 12V starter batteries or 48V start-stop applications.PHDElectrical Engineering: SystemsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136964/1/elemsn_1.pd