13C n.m.r. investigation on the nitrogen methylation of some azabenzenes

The 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of N-methylated pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine and N,N-dimethylated pyrimidine and pyrazine have been recorded and analysed. The change in the 13C chemical shifts under the influence of N-methylation (Δδ) in the diazabenzenes could be predicted by the Δδ values of pyridine. A comparison of the Δδ values of N-methylation with those of N-protonation showed that both reactions have a similar effect

AGE-DEPENDENT CANNIBALISM IN A COLONY OF ALBINO RATS

Cannibalism in laboratory animals is well known (Hart, 1934; Weaver & Bird, ]934; Perla & Sandberg, 1939; Hankin, 1960; Karmurthi, Sreenivasamoorthy & Parpia, 1972). It has been attributed to maternal nutritional deficiency (Hart, ]934; Carlson & Hoe]zel, 1948; Hankin, ]960), environmental conditions such as over-crowding, boredom and parasitism (Wi]son, ]949), toxic substances in the diet (Karmurthi, et al., ]972), or to toxicity produced by an excess of certain vitamins or minerals in the diet (Perla & Sandberg, 1939). Weaver & Bird (1934) have attributed cannibalism to the loss of materna] instinct due to disturbances in the physical state of the mother rats. In the present study the effect of materna] age on mortality due to cannibalism and loss of materna] care is considered. Altogether 240 female Wistar rats were used. They were kept in po]ypropylene cages fitted with stainless-steel wire-mesh bottoms, and housed in a vermin-proof room maintained at 28 ±2°C. Compressed absorbent cotton was used both as bedding and nesting material. The same commercia] diet ('Rat and mouse feed'; Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay, India) was fed throughout the experiment. Depending upon their age at pairing, the rats can be divided into 12 groups, each containing 20 animals. Except for Group ], the rats were all parous, having produced from 1 to 6 litters. Pregnant rats were separated and individually maintained. From the day of birth up to weaning on Day 2], the youngwerecounteddailybetween0900and 1000hours. Youngthat were found partially eaten or missing were classified as 'canniba]ised', whilst those found dead but intact were considered to have died from starvation or lack of maternal care. The results are presented in Tab]e ]. In the youngest females, paired at 2 to 6 months of age, the incidence of cannibalism was less than 10 %,but it rose quite sharply to reach a maximum of 34 % in females paired at 11-11.9 months of age (group 10). The level of deaths attributed to lack of maternal care or starvation remained relatively low (3-8 %) in females paired up to 10 months of age (Groups 1 to 8), and then increased dramatically to a peak of 60 % in those paired at 13-13.9 months of age (Group 12). In the 2 oldes

Fisheries Stakeholders and Their Livelihoods in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

Fisheries Management for Sustainable Livelihoods (FIMSUL), is a project implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with the Government of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry in India under the World Bank Trust Fund. The project aims at establishing frameworks, processes and building capacities of various stakeholders especially the Government, to facilitate the planning, design and implementation of appropriate fisheries development and management policies. The project includes a series of stakeholder consultations and consensus building apart from detailed review and analysis in the areas of stakeholders, livelihoods, policy, legal and institutional frame work and fisheries management. Based on this, the project comes up with various options. Stakeholder and livelihoods analysis is an essential part of the project. Hence, the team developed a detailed methodology for stakeholder consultations which includes district level stake holder consultation, focus group discussions, household interviews and validation meetings. The stakeholder and livelihoods analysis following the above steps were done through six NGO partners working along the coast of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry who were initially trained on the methodology. The NGO partners : PLANT, GUIDE, FERAL, SIFFS, DHAN Foundation and TMSSS, especially a team of dedicated staff engaged by them had done an excellent work in completing comprehensive field exercises and bringing out 12 district/regional reports. These are published separately. This report is a compilation, and complete analysis of the stakeholders and livelihoods based on all the field level consultations.This report is expected to be an important reference to primary stakeholders' perspective of the important stakeholders in the sector, the livelihoods and livelihoods changes, the adaptive and coping mechanism, the relationships between the stakeholders and their hopes and aspirations. For any development intervention for any sector or stakeholder group, region-wise in marine fisheries in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, the information from this report could be an important starting point

Research Faculty, Entrepreneurship and Commercialization: The Case of Kansas State University

In this study, we assess the relationships between the demographic characteristics of researchers and their perspectives on entrepreneurship and the commercialization of their inventions, and analyze the relationship between faculty perceptions of university commercialization policies and their entrepreneurial orientation. We conclude that there is a need for effective educational programs to address each of the issues and increase awareness among faculty and researchers.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

A prospective randomized study comparing the efficacy of tamsulosin and placebo in the management of patients with acute urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing trial without catheter until definitive therapy

INTRODUCTION: Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a common urological emergency in men and is defined as a sudden and painful inability to pass urine voluntarily. In most cases, no triggering event is identified and the AUR is attributed to the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Management of AUR involves immediate bladder catheterization usually followed by prostatic surgery, with a greater morbidity and mortality associated with emergency surgery (within few days after AUR) and the potential morbidity associated with prolonged catheterization (bacteriuria, fever, urosepsis). To the date, the first line of treatment in these patients is the use of a trial without catheter (TWOC) with a previous administration of an alpha-blocker that should increase the likelihood of success. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the efficacy of tamsulosin and placebo in the immediate management of patients with acute urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing trial without catheter and assess effect of tamsulosin in the success rate of trial without catheter with respect to prostate size, patient age and post void residual. METHODS: Patients with acute urinary retention due to BPH (total 74), were catheterized and randomized into two groups: Group A; Tamsulosin 0.4mg (37 patients), Group B: Placebo (37 patients). After four days, catheter was removed and patients were put on TWOC. A TWOC was considered successful if the patient had voided volume more than 100 ml and post-void residual urine less than 200 ml. RESULTS: TWOC was successful in 59.5% (22) of tamsulosin group (Group a) and 32.4% (group B) in placebo group. Statistical analysis showed that tamsulosin is effective and increases the success rate of TWOC (P = 0.020) with an odds ratio of 3.056 for placebo group. Patient age and Prostate size significantly influenced TWOC success rates. Tamsulosin increased the success rate of TWOC in patients with larger prostate (P = 0.005) and in older patients (statistically not significant P = 0.129). Post void residual urine is significantly (P = 0.032) reduced (163.51 ml vs 212.97 ml) by addition of tamsulosin in patients with acute urinary retention undergoing trial without catheter. CONCLUSION: Tamsulosin increases the success rate of trial without catheter in patients with acute urinary retention particularly in patients with larger prostate and in older age group when compared with placebo. Post void residual urine is significantly reduced by addition of tamsulosin in patients with acute urinary retention undergoing trial without catheter

Effects of temperature and diets on magnesium, calcium and potassium metabolism in sheep and rats

Several biological and environmental interactions appear to be involved in the etiology of hypomagnesemic tetany. Effects of ambient temperature and diet on magnesium status of six ewe lambs and 72 adult male rats were studied in this investigation. Percentage absorption and fecal endogenous magnesium excretion were higher and urinary magnesium was lower in sheep fed a low magnesium diet than those fed normal magnesium diets. Effects of low dietary magnesium on fecal endogenous and urinary magnesium were increased by cold. Magnesium absorption was elevated by high dietary protein in sheep fed low magnesium, especially in cold, but with low magnesium intake, total radiomagnesium excretion by sheep fed the high protein level was 80% higher than when normal protein was fed. In general, magnesium concentrations in bone epiphysis, heart, muscle, liver, spleen, and certain other tissues were higher in cold exposed sheep than in those at room temperature. Tissue turnover rate of magnesium in sheep was higher in cardiac muscle and lower in skeletal muscle. Feed efficiency was decreased and feed consumption increased (P\u3c.001) in rats by cold exposure. Total magnesium excretion by rats was increased by cold except when certain high potassium diets were fed but high potassium alone increased urinary magnesium. Urinary magnesium was also increased by high dietary iodine. High dietary protein appeared to counteract high magnesium excretion. Rats fed diets high in both potassium and protein had lower (P\u3c .05\u3c.001) plasma magnesium levels in cold than at room temperature. Bone magnesium levels were reduced (P\u3c.05\u3c.01) by high dietary protein, and increased by cold exposure in rats fed the low iodine control diet. Cold exposure also increased magnesium deposition in liver (P\u3c.01) and heart (P\u3c.05) but did not change skeletal muscle magnesium levels of rats

Mo- Modified HZSM -5 Zeolite for the Dehydrooligomerisation and Aromatisation of Methane in the Absence of Oxygen

Methane dehydrogenation aromatisation (MDA) has been highly pursued since 1993 as a route of converting methane to aromatics. It is believed to proceed via a by bi-functional catalyst namely Mo modified HZSM where by methane is activated by the Mo carbide by dehydrogenation process and the intermediate species are oligomerised and dehydrocyclised over the acid site of the HZSM-5 zeolite. The aim of this study is to optimise catalytic activity with high yield and selectivity to aromatics and low coke yield and selectivity. This will include basic principles behind catalyst design, activation and stabilisation. The MDA analysis was carried out on a quartz micro reactor operating at 1 atm. and 700°C using an on-line GC and a list of catalyst characterisation equipments to explain the findings. The optimum catalytic activities were investigated using methane on Mo modified HZSM5 (Si/Al =41). Mo wt% loadings used were 3, 5 and 10 prepared by wet impregnation of ammonium heptamolybdate on HZSM- 5. The preliminary micro reactor test showed that a GHSV of 1500 h-1 was the optimum flow rate for the process. Based on investigation on the hcp ~-Mo2C and fcc a-MoC 1-x , Mo loading of 10wt% is found to be the optimum catalytic loading for MDA for both. Re-dispersion of the Mo03 species over the catalyst surface and into the channels of the zeolite or pore is governed by calcination. Based on this study for the hcp ~-Mo2C catalyst 600°C was the optimum calcination temperature while for the a-MoC 1-x it was 500°C. Activation of the Mo03 species results in the formation of hcp ~-Mo2C and fcc a-MoC1.x. the active Mo carbide phase which is responsible for methane activation and follow different route of preparation. It was found the hcp ~-Mo2C catalyst has higher catalytic activity than the fcc aMoC1. x counterpart. This higher catalytic activity for the hcp ~-Mo2C is attributed by the higher coke deposition as compared fcc a-MoC1_x which has lower coke yield and selectivity but higher aromatic yield and selectivity at lower calcinations temperature. Catalytic activity and stability was found to be improved by co-dosing with CO onto both the hcp ~-Mo2C and MoC1-x catalysts. CO dosing was found to prevent coke build up during MDA reactions. From this investigation, it was found CO dosing is more significant towards higher Mo loading of 10wt% rather than for the lower loading of 3wt%. The most suitable CO for the !Owt% a-MoC 1-x was 4 v/v%, while for 10 wt % hcp ~-Mo2C it is 12 v/v