Development of optimal location and design capacity of wastewater treatment plants for urban areas: a case study in Samawah city

Water, and related wastewater structures, are critical factors in the existence and the improvement of civilizations. Wastewater gathering and management has a considerable effect on the climate and economy at both regional and global level, and, accordingly, it is appropriate to advance actions that guarantee effective management for wastewater, particularly in urban areas. This research thus examined the environmental and economic aspects of proposed locations for wastewater treatment plants. Samawah city, located in the southern part of Iraq, was selected as a case study for the research methodology, and for research purposes, the studied city was divided into three main zones (1, 2, and 3) of sixteen areas. The Google Earth tool was used to calculate the lowest elevations in the studied zones in order to assess the suggested positions of treatment plants. Additionally, the WinQSB program was utilised to select the most appropriate positions for treatment plants based on data obtained from local government departments. These data include population, water consumption, and required lengths and subsequent cost of pipes. This research thus developed a new strategy for assigning the locations of wastewater treatment plants

The Impact of export incentives on its contribution to manufacturing export growth in Ethiopia

Thesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2021Export incentives have played a catalytic role in encouraging exports in poor countries. However, it is important to recognize the impact of export incentives on manufacturing export growth. The study has examined the effect of manufacturing export incentives on Ethiopian manufacturing export performance. The study aims to shed light on whether there is an impact and to what degree the government's incentives have contributed to the country's manufacturing export value by using time-series quarterly data on manufacturing export incentives, world GDP growth rate, and real effective exchange rates from 2005 quarter 1 to 2019 quarter 4. Three phases of research were carried out, including a review of the trends in the scheme of export incentives and growth of manufacturing exports, a review of the correlation between variables, and subsequently, quarterly time series econometric analysis conducted among the manufacturing export value against the independent variables. The study results showed that Ethiopian manufacturing export growth increased after the implementation of export tax incentives, but manufacturing exports share to the total export is still minimal. This study concluded that export incentives have a positive role in improving manufacturing export growth. It has also been noted that the effect of world GDP growth rate and real effective exchange rate on manufacturing exports are limited to the long run only.1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Data and Methodology 4. Ethiopian Manufacturing Industry Export Growth 5. Result and Discussion 6. Discussion and ConclusionsmasterpublishedAbiy Mohammed HUSSIE

Pilot Plant Studies Using Moringa Oleifera (Kacang Kelor) Seeds As a Primary Coagulant in Surface Water Treatment

Many researchers have used Moringa oleifera (Kacang Kelor) as a primary coagulant, for water treatment. It can also be used as coagulant aid, and floc toughners to either supplement or replace alum, ferric salts and synthetic polymers. The present study involves use of a pilot plant constructed by the author to evaluate the efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds (25 % extracted seed oil) in treating turbidity of surface water collected from a stream located beside the hydraulic laboratory in the Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia. Two stages were involved in the preparation of the seeds for the test. The seed wings and coat were first removed and ground to powder using a domestic blender. The second stage was the extraction of 25 % of the seed oil using the Soxhlet. Like the normal water treatment plant, the pilot plant was operated under four stages: coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration (rapid sand filter). Both conventional treatment (CT) and direct filtration (DF) methods were considered in running the pilot plant tests. Pilot plant tests were carried out three hours per run over whole period of three months. The turbidity, pH, alkalinity and zeta potential as well as the filter head loss were monitored regularly (every 30 minutes) during the test run. Average percentage turbidity removal of 75.4, 88.0, and 96.9 % resulted by DF for the low, moderate and high initial turbidity respectively, whereas CT gave average turbidity removal of 43.9, 93.5, and 95.7 for the same initial turbidity. The optimum dosages 20 and 30 mg/l of Moringa olei/era was applied for low and moderate turbidity respectively whereas for the high turbidity the Moringa oleifera dosage was varied from 50 - 80 mg/l depending on the initial turbidity. One out of eleven trials for CT gave a residual turbidity after filtration lower than 5 NTU. This value agreed with Malaysian guideline of 5 NTU. Eight trials gave a residual turbidity ranged from 8 - 15 NTU, which falls within the WHO maximum level of 25 NTU. 3 trials out of 7 for DF gave a residual turbidity after filtration lower than 5 NTU whereas 4 trials gave a residual turbidity ranged from 6.6 - 11 NTU. Turbidity removal of DF was found to be better than that of CT. Moringa oleifera was found to have no significant effect on pH or alkalinity of the water. Zeta potential of the water was found to decrease after treatment. The maximum filter head loss at depth 40 em was found to be 24 em for CT. In the case of DF the maximum head loss at depth 40 em was found to be 29.3 em for an average turbidity of 230.4 NTU and 70.9 em for an average turbidity of 88.7 NTU. Therefore, oil extracted Moringa oleifera seeds was found to posses a great potential for coagulation as a primary coagulant for treating surface water

Genetic variability and association among yield and yield related traits in Aerial Yam /Dioscorea bulbifera (L.)/ Accessions at South-western Ethiopia

Genetic variability and heritability analysis of different yield and yield related traits were studied in 47 accessions of Dioscorea bulbifera. The objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic variability and association among yield and yield related traits based on key morphological descriptors. Variance analysis of characters revealed significant differences among the accessions. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %) was found lower than phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) for all characters studied. High genetic advance coupled with heritability was observed in the characters namely; vine length and tuber dry weight per plot. Significant and strong positive correlations to bulbils fresh weight /plot were observed for the characters vine length (r=1.000), leaf length(r=1.000), Leaf width (r=1.000), vine fresh weight (r=1.000) vine dry weight (r=1.000), bulbils length (r=1.000) and bulbils number (r=0.88). Bulbils fresh weight is important agronomic trait induced by many associated traits and thus characters like vine length, leaf length, Leaf width and vine fresh weight should be considered essential parameters for selection aerial yam for further breeding programme. Key words: Aerial yam, variability, heritability, association

Study on genotype x environment interaction of yield in sesame (sesamum indicum l.)

Seed yield stability of twenty sesame genotypes of different sources of origin were studied for GEI in randomized complete block design with three replications across six environments in 2006. The objectives were to estimate the nature and magnitude of GEI for seed yield, and to identify stable sesame genotypes for general adaptation, Combined analysis of variance showed highly significant (

System uncertainties estimation based adaptive robust backstepping control for DC DC buck converter

This paper proposed a novel adaptive robust backstepping control scheme for DC-DC buck converter subjected to external disturbance and system uncertainty. Uncertainty in the load resistance and the input voltage represent the big challenge in buck converter control. In this work, an adaptive estimator for matched and mismatched uncertainties based backstepping control is applied for DC-DC buck converter. The updating laws are determined based on the lyapunov theorem. Thus, the difference between the estimated parameters and actual parameters converges to zero. The proposed control method is compared with the conventional sliding mode control and integral sliding mode control. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller

Y-chromosomal STR variation in Kurds and Arabs population in Iraqi Kurdistan

Background: The Iraqi Kurdistan local population involves more than eight gatherings of tenants. The Muslim Kurds make up most of the population and after that the Yezidi Kurds. Alternate gatherings incorporate Armenians, Assyrian, Chaldea, Syriacs, and little minority of Arab and Turkmen individuals.Methods: A total of 36 unrelated males from the two population groups in Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurds and Arabs were analyzed for eight Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS392, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and Y-GATA-H4). Total DNA from blood cells was extracted using DNA extraction Kit.Results: A number of genetic parameters such as mean number of alleles, allele frequency, gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and genetic distance were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. The DYS458 had the highest diversity (GD: 0.883), while loci DYS456 and Y-GATA-H4 had the lowest (GD: 0.574). The Dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades, the Kurd group and the Arab group except in one case only from the whole population.Conclusions: This study confirms the discriminating power of high-resolution Y-STR typing and provides first primary dataset on Iraqi Kurdistan samples. The comparison of Kurdish and Arab datasets reveals an interesting overall picture of isolation of Kurdish group. The primers DYS19, DYS448, DYS458, and DYS635 can be considered the best for their high PIC power

Study the Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Sensor Coated with Different Thickness of Polyaniline for Determination Vapours of Ethanol, Propanol, Hexane and Benzene

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor coated with a thin film of polyaniline was used as a sensitivemethod for the determination of a number of following vapours: ethanol, propanol, hexane and benzene. Thedetection was based on the absorption of the vapours of these organic compounds into the film by using gas cellchamber. The detection of these vapours can be obtained in part per million (ppm). The work includes the use ofpolyaniline films with different thickness (70, 93, 118 and 176) nm where thickness of the PANI films wascontrolled by the spin coating process. Results show that increasing of sensitivity with increase of theconcentration of injected analyte when the PANI-film-coated QCM was exposed to the vapours of ethanol,propanol hexane and benzene. Best sensitivity to ethanol and hexane were obtained with film thicknesses 93nmwhile in the case of propanol best results were obtained with thickness of 118 and 93 nm. Thickness of 93 and176 nm gave good sensitivity to benzene.Keywords: quartz crystal microbalance, polyaniline, film thickness, ethanol, propanol, hexane, benzene

Congenital Anomalies among Children: Knowledge and Attitude of Egyptian and Saudi Mothers

A congenital anomaly is defined as any abnormality of physical structure found at birth or during the first few weeks of life; or any irreversible condition exiting in a child before birth. The aim of the current study was to assess Egyptian and Saudi mothers' knowledge and attitude regarding congenital anomalies among children as well as to detect the differences between Egyptian and Saudi mothers' knowledge and attitude. A descriptive comparative research design was utilized in the study. A convenient sample of 100 Egyptian and 100 Saudi mothers wasparticipated in the study. The study was conductedin the pediatric surgical wards and pediatric surgery outpatients' clinics in both Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital and King Fahad University Hospital in Al Khobar,in Saudi Arabia.The data were collected using structured interview schedule developed by the researchers it contained three parts; the first one related to sociodemographic characteristics of mothers and their children; the second one composed of mothers’ knowledge about congenital anomalies and the third one concerned with mothers’ attitude. The study's results revealed that more than three quarters of Egyptian mothers had satisfactory level of knowledge regarding congenital anomalies among children compared to fifty one percent of Saudi mothers. The highest percentages of both Egyptian and Saudi Mothers expressed negative attitude regarding congenital anomalies among children.There was highly statistically significant difference between Egyptian and Saudi mothers’ level of knowledge regarding congenital anomalies among children. While, there was no statistically significant difference between Egyptian and Saudi mothers’ general attitude regarding congenital anomalies among children. The study results recommended that health promotion programs should be directed to premarital counseling and preconception reproductive health and primary prevention of congenital anomalies. Key words:Congenital anomalies - Egyptian and Saudi mothers- knowledge and attitud