Influence of Duranta erecta Fruits Extract Prepared via Supercritical Fluid Extraction on Microbial Growth, Ultrastructure, in-vitro Wound Healing and Oxidant Stress

Diverse metabolites of plants exhibit various biological activities. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied at various temperatures (40, 60, and 80 ºC) to extract Duranta erecta fruits. Maximum yield of extract (0.456 g) was obtained at 60 ºC; besides, at this temperature the release of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, naringenin, rosmarinic acid, daidzein, quercetin, and kaempferol were promoted in high concentrations of 3510, 277, 326, 571, 7460, 1060, 31000, 7770, and 103 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, S. aureus, S. typhi, B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans, were inhibited with highest inhibition zones such as 28±0.1, 27±0.2, 30±0.1, 25±0.1, and 30±0.2 mm, respectively at 60 ºC than that at other temperatures of the SFE. Low quantities of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract were recorded at 60 ºC. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the exposed B. subtilis to D. erecta fruits extract at 60 and 80 ºC including irregular, and rupture of cell wall. Antioxidant potential of D. erecta fruits extract via DPPH was recorded with promising IC50 value of 9.66 µg/mL. Moreover, FRAP antioxidant activity was confirmed with 355 equivalent (AAE) µg/mg at 60 ºC. The fruits extract from D. erecta at 60 ºC of SFE conditions reflected excellent wound healing property

Hydrolytic Enzymes for Lignocellulose Materials and their Impacts on Food Additives and Health Promotion: A Review

One of the most prevalent and renewable forms of biomass on Earth is lignocellulose, which has an enormous potential for bioconversion into valuable bioproducts. However, this resource is not fully exploited. This review considers the enzymatic hydrolyses of these materials and the impact of their bioproducts on the nutritional and health levels. Understanding lignocellulolytic enzymes and their uses in industry would aid in the development of innovative procedures that lower costs and increase the uptake of biomass, both of which are more beneficial. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is achieved by pre-treating biological process that considered inexpensive, feasible, and ecologically acceptable approach followed hydrolysis via enzymes. These enzymes can be applied in several industries, such as the textile, meals and beverages, personal hygiene, medicinal products, and in biofuel manufacturing sectors. Several products are based on lignocellulosic biomass conversion such as bioenergy compounds, organic acids, single cell protein, and Xylitol. Pretreatment and type of biological process of lignocellulosic biomass conversion plays a critical factor for quantitative and qualitative yields of bioproduct of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Finally, the nutrition and health benefits of some end products of lignocellulosic biomass conversion are covered in this review.

Anti-Yeasts, Antioxidant and Healing Properties of Henna Pre-Treated by Moist Heat and Molecular Docking of Its Major Constituents, Chlorogenic and Ellagic Acids, with Candida albicans and Geotrichum candidum Proteins

Lawsonia inermis, known as henna, has traditionally been utilized in cosmetics and folk medicine because of their valuable health effects. A lack of information about the processes that increase or decrease release, as well as the biological activities of constituents of natural origin, is an important pharmacological problem. This investigation evaluates the influence of moist heat on the flavonoid and phenolic contents of henna powder and their biological activities. HPLC analysis reflected the existence of 20 and 19 compounds of flavonoids and phenolics in the extract of unpre-treated henna by moist heat (UPMH) and pre-treated henna by moist heat (PMH). Several compounds such as chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, rosmarinic acid, kaempferol, and pyrocatechol occurred with high concentrations of 57,017.33, 25,821.09, 15,059.88, 6345.08, 1248.42, and 819.19 µg/mL UPMH while occurred with low concentrations of 44,286.51, 17,914.26, 3809.85, 5760.05, 49.01, and 0.0 µg/mL, respectively in PMH. C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and G. candidum were more affected by UPMH with inhibition zones of 30.17 ± 0.29, 27 ± 0.5, and 29 ± 1.5 mm than PMH with inhibition zones of 29 ± 0.5, 25.33 ± 0.58, and 24.17 ± 0.29 mm, respectively. UPMH henna exhibited less MIC and MFC against the tested yeasts than PMH. Moreover, UPMH henna showed good wound healing, where the rat of migration, wound closure %, and area difference % were 14.806 um, 74.938 um2, and 710.667% compared with PMH henna 11.360 um, 59.083 um2, 545.333%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of UPMH and PMH henna. Promising antioxidant activity was recorded for both UPMH or PMH henna with IC50 5.46 µg/mL and 7.46 µg/mL, respectively. The docking interaction of chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid with the crystal structures of G. candidum (4ZZT) and C. albicans (4YDE) was examined. The biological screening demonstrated that the compounds had favorable docking results with particular proteins. Chlorogenic acid had robust behavior in the G. candidum (4ZZT) active pocket and displayed a docking score of −7.84379 Kcal/mol, higher than ellagic acid’s −6.18615 Kcal/mol

Biological Activities of Quinoa Seeds Extract and their Effects on Antioxidants of Cancer Cells and Ultrastructure of Candida tropicalis

Over the current decade, drugs based on natural sources have attracted much consideration. Quinoa seeds extract (QSE) was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which reflected the presence of 23 compounds. QSE exhibited anticancer effect against prostate  (PC-3) and ovarian (SKOV3) cancer cell lines with IC50 65.21 ± 0.24 µg/mL and 81.45 ± 0.79 µg/mL, respectively. Apoptosis of cancer cells was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Oxidative markers including catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase decreased in specimens treated by QSE, while malondialdehyde increased in treated cancer cells. Growth of different yeasts was inhibited by QSE with different inhibition zones of 12±0.33, 13±1.5, and 21±0.5 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 250, 125, and 31.2 µg/mL using Candida glubruim, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy reflected ultrastructure changes in treated C. tropicalis by QSE, including cell wall rupture, collapse of cytoplasm, and shrinking of cytoplasmic membrane. It was concluded that QSE could suppress the proliferation of SKOV3 cells in vitro and induce their apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of tested yeasts might be mediated by ultrastructural changes

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Schinus terebinthifolia Fruits and their Utilization against Microbial Illness, Lipase, and Butyrylcholinesterase Activities in Vitro

The extraction methods used to obtain natural products face some problems, such as solvent toxicity, high extraction time, and low yields. Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) is an encouraging extraction system for obtaining high-yield of natural extracts. In this work, Schinus terebinthifolia fruits were extracted via SFE-CO2 using two conditions: A (static extraction) (SE) for 15 min, followed by dynamic extraction (DE) for 45 min, and B (without SE but with DE for 60 min). The extract yield was 0.205 g and 0.236 g via condition A and B, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography assessment revealed the occurrence of several constituents with high quantities in the extract at condition B. The well diffusion test showed inhibition of 26 ± 0.1, 25 ± 0.2, 29 ± 0.1, 33 ± 0.2, 27 ± 0.1, and 8.0 ± 0.1 mm zones using the extract at condition B, while at condition A there were low inhibition zones towards Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas areginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, correspondingly. Lipase (obesity stimulant) and butyrylcholinesterase (Alzheimer stimulant) were inhibited by the extract at condition B with IC50 quantities of 27.03 and 4.83 μg/mL, while it was 37.45 and 17.57 μg/mL, respectively at condition A

Sodium Silicate, Potassium Silicate, and Copper Sulfate’s Effectiveness In Vitro and In Silico against the Wood-decaying Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Wood modification via silicon ingredients was investigated to increase its resistance to biological decay. Surfactant and desiccant features of derived products of silicates are considered the main contributors in wood resistance to decay. The detected fungus from decayed wood sample was identified as Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Inhibitory tests showed that sodium silicate (SS) was more effective than potassium silicate (PS) and copper sulfate (CS) against P. chrysosporium growth. The weight loss of infected wood with P. chrysosporium without treatment was 32.2%, while treatment by SS, PS, and CS reduced weight loss to 4.3%, 11.5%, and 14.3%, respectively, over 40 days. To ducument the effect of SS, PS, and CS on P. chrysosporium, molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding interactions of these compounds with the active site (Lignin peroxidase) of P. chrysosporium (PDB ID: 1QPA). Binding affinities were determined via docking scores, conformational energies, placement energies, and refinement parameters evaluation. SS exhibited the strongest docking scores (S = -6.17 to -5.83) and favorable interactions, including metal coordination and hydrogen bonding. PS and CS showed moderate to weak binding, with distinct interaction patterns. These computational results highlight SS as a potential candidate for further experimental validation in targeting the 1QPA protein

Green Mediator for Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesis with Antimicrobial Activity and Plant Biostimulant Properties under Heavy Metal Stress

Nanotechnology is a valuable strategy for managing a number of medicinal, agricultural, and environmental concerns. Cocculus pendulus was used for selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesis to evaluate their usage for microbial inhibition and to enhance plant resistance to heavy metals. Mono-dispersed, spherical shape, and mean diameter (36.19 nm) of SeNPs were documented. More inhibitory potential was associated with SeNPs with inhibition zones of 38±0.3, 18±0.2, 18±0.1, 31±0.2, and 27±0.1 mm than extract of C. pendulus against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans, respectively. SeNPs had successfully scavenged the free radicals of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with lower IC50 (inhibitory concentration that inhibit 50% of DPPH) value (10.31 µg/mL) than that of C. pendulus extract (55.54 µg/mL). The effect of C. pendulus extract (200 mg/kg soil) alone or in combination with SeNPs (15 mg/kg soil of SeNPs) as a soil drench on shoot, root lengths, plant pigments, lead and cadmium contents of Corchorus olitorius under lead and cadmium stress (5 mg/L) was investigated. The pigments quantity and plant growth were decreased by cadmium and lead poisoning. Application of C. pendulus extracts or SeNPs decreased the Pb and Cd concentrations and improved the growth and metabolites of Corchorus olitorius plants