27 research outputs found

    Latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan terhad dalam kalangan murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan oleh guru pendidikan khas

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    Alat bantu penglihatan terhad yang dipreskripsi kepada murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan dapat membantu mereka dalam pembelajaran. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kejayaan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan adalah kemahiran penggunaannya. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kelajuan membaca murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan sebelum dan selepas menerima latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan oleh guru pendidikan khas. Seramai 22 orang guru pendidikan khas diberi latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan melalui beberapa siri bengkel. Seramai 22 orang murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan dipilih dan digandingkan dengan guru untuk latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan di dalam kelas (latihan di dalam kelas). Alat bantu penglihatan yang bersesuaian untuk murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan dipreskripsi oleh penyelidik sebelum latihan dijalankan. Jumlah latihan di dalam kelas adalah selama 5 jam iaitu 1 jam seminggu. Latihan di dalam kelas adalah berpandukan modul yang telah dibangunkan pada awal kajian dan guru menggunakan senarai semak untuk memantau murid. Kelajuan membaca murid dalam perkataaan per minit (ppm) diukur menggunakan carta dekat UKM sebelum dan selepas tamat latihan di dalam kelas. Semua guru berjaya menamatkan sesi latihan di dalam kelas. Hasil daripada ujian pengulangan sehala ANOVA (One-way repeated measured) mendapati kelajuan membaca murid meningkat dengan signifikan dalam tempoh 5 jam latihan di dalam kelas, F (1.6,34.4) = 35.53, p < 0.001, partial ŋ² = 0.63. Kelajuan membaca murid ketidakupayaan penglihatan meningkat selepas tamat latihan di dalam kelas. Ini bermaksud latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan oleh guru pendidikan khas secara sistematik membantu murid menggunakan alat tersebut dengan lebih berkesan dan seterusnya meningkatkan kelajuan membaca mereka

    Mengukur keberkesanan rehabilitasi penglihatan murid penglihatan terhad menggunakan UKM-CHILD

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    Rehabilitasi penglihatan bagi murid penglihatan terhad adalah penting untuk membantu mereka menggunakan penglihatan secara optimum ketika melakukan aktiviti hidup seharian (ADL) dan seterusnya menjadikan mereka lebih berdikari di masa hadapan. UKM-CHILD adalah indeks ADL untuk mengukur keupayaan murid penglihatan terhad dalam melakukan ADL. UKM-CHILD mengandungi 25-item soal selidik kendiri dan 7-item pengukur prestasi. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengukur keberkesanan rehabilitasi penglihatan murid penglihatan terhad menggunakan UKM-CHILD. Seramai 40 murid penglihatan terhad berumur 15.33 ± 1.56 tahun diberikan rehabilitasi penglihatan yang melibatkan preskripsi kaca mata, alat bantu penglihatan terhad dan latihan penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan terhad. Sesi latihan dilakukan selama 5 minggu dan ianya merangkumi kaedah penggunaan alat bantu penglihatan terhad dan latihan membaca. Pengukuran parameter kajian iaitu akuiti visual, kelajuan membaca dan keupayaan melakukan ADL (UKM-CHILD) dilakukan pada peringkat pra dan pasca rehabilitasi. Keputusan kajian ini mendapati purata akuiti visual jauh meningkat sebanyak empat baris (VAjauh(pra): 0.85 ± 0.05 logMAR; VAjauh(pasca): 0.40 ± 0.06 logMAR; z = -2.27, p = 0.026) dan purata akuiti visual dekat meningkat sebanyak dua baris (VAdekat(pra): 0.64 ± 0.22 logMAR; VAdekat(pasca): 0.40 ± 0.12 logMAR; z = -5.21, p < 0.05) selepas rehabilitasi. Purata kelajuan membaca meningkat sebanyak 48% (kelajuan membacapra: 49.58 ± 25.51 ppm; kelajuan membacapasca: 73.22 ± 26.19 ppm; t(39) = 16.67, p < 0.05). Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan signifikan dalam skor soal selidik kendiri (soal selidik kendiripra: 1.72 ± 0.83 logit; soal selidik kendiripasca: 2.12 ± 1.25 logit; z = -5.129, p < 0.05) dan skor pengukur prestasi (pengukur prestasipra: 0.82 ± 0.30 logit; pengukur prestasipasca: 2.87 ± 1.52 logit; z = -5.55, p < 0.05) selepas 5 minggu rehabilitasi. Kajian ini mendapati UKM-CHILD boleh digunakan untuk mengukur keberkesanan rehabilitasi penglihatan

    Soal selidik kendalian kendiri indeks fungsi visual (VF14) dan korelasinya dengan akuiti visual koreksi terbaik pada warga emas

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    Kajian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan skor kendalian kendiri indeks fungsi visual (VF14) dan korelasinya dengan akuiti visual koreksi terbaik pada warga emas. Subjek kajian ialah warga emas berumur 60 tahun ke atas yang mengambil bahagian dalam kajian yang sedang dijalankan iaitu“Model Perlindungan Neuro Bagi Penuaan Sihat Di Kalangan Warga Emas (TUA). Akuiti visual diukur dengan menggunakan carta logMAR. Penilaian soal selidik kendalian kendiri diukur menggunakan Indeks Fungsi Visual (VF14) berbahasa Melayu yang telah diubah suai. Seramai 482 (93.05%) daripada 518 subjek kajian telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Purata umur subjek kajian ialah 69.18 ± 5.67 tahun dan purata akuiti visual koreksi terbaik ialah logMAR 0.21 ± 0.17. Purata skor VF14 ialah 89.65 ± 13.19. Perempuan mempunyai purata skor VF14 yang lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan lelaki (skorperempuan89.21 ± 12.76, skorlelaki90.11 ± 13.65) tetapi tidak ada perbezaan secara statistik (z= -1.09, p= 0.277). Terdapat korelasi yang sederhana tetapi signifikan antara skor VF14 dan akuiti visual koreksi terbaik (r = -0.412, p < 0.01). Kesimpulannya, akuiti visual koreksi terbaik sahaja tidak boleh digunakan sebagai indikator untuk menjelaskan perubahan skor VF14. Kajian ini menunjukkan ia hanya menyumbang kepada 17.2% kepada perubahan skor VF14. Gabungan banyak faktor lain seperti faktor sosio demografik (bangsa, status pendidikan dan masalah kesihatan), sensitiviti kontras dan stereopsis perlu diambil kira apabila menilai fungsi visual yang diukur dengan VF14

    Refractive error and visual acuity of elderly Chinese in Selangor and Johor, Malaysia

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    The first aim of this study was to determine the refractive error and visual acuity of Chinese elderly age 60 and above in Selangor and Johor, Malaysia. The second aim was to determine the percentage of elderly with vision impairment. Participants of this study were from the on-going population-based longitudinal study on neuroprotective model for healthy longevity (TUA) among Malaysian older adults using multistage random sampling. A total of 259 Chinese elderly aged 60 and above from state of Selangor and Johor agreed to participate. Refractive error was determined using autorefractometer Retinomax K-plus followed by subjective refraction. Best corrected visual acuity (VA) was measured using logMAR chart. Analysis was performed on data of 202 participants and the remaining 57 were excluded. Overall percentage of refractive error was higher for hyperopia (54%) compared to myopia (23.2%). High percentage of astigmatism was noted for all age groups (> 50%). Both gender showed similar distribution of refractive status. Mean overall VA was 0.24 ± 0.17 logMAR (≅ 6/9–) and mean VA declined with age. Overall, the percentage of elderly having at least mild vision impairment (> 0.3 logMAR or 6/12) was higher (62.9%) compared to normal vision (≤ 0.3 logMAR). However, percentage of vision impairment (VI) was highest in the mild category compared to others and only one participant had severe VI. This study found a high percentage of Chinese elderly with refractive error. The most common type of refractive error was hyperopia. A high proportion of them had mild vision impairment followed by moderate VI even with best correction. Vision impairment could affect daily life functioning and this effect can be further explored in the future

    Pattern Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) is unaffected in the early stage of mild cognitive impairment

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    The aim of this study was to determine whether pattern-reversal Visual Evoked Potential (PRVEP) is affected in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants aged ≥ 60 years diagnosed as MCI were invited to participate in a study together with a group of controls. PRVEP was measured using A RETI-port/Scan 21 and stimuli of large and small checks sizes, 1° (60 min of arc) and 0.25° (15 min) respectively were used to obtain responses. The amplitude and implicit times of the MCI and control groups were then compared. A total of 18 MCI participants (age 65.7 ± 3.1 years) and 18 controls (65.1 ± 3.8 years) consented to participate in the study. The amplitude and implicit times for the MCI group using the target sizes of 60 min of arc were 9.80 ± 4.06 μV and 108.83 ± 7.63 ms and for 30 min of arc were 11.00 ± 7.44 μV and 123.96 ± 6.18 ms respectively. Consecutively for the control groups the amplitudes and implicit times were 8.96 ± 3.52μV, 105.85 ± 3.60 ms and 11.97± 6.11 μV, 122.57 ± 8.28 ms. PRVEP results did not reveal significant differences in P100-wave amplitude nor implicit time between the two groups under investigation. This study concluded that the visual pathway of MCI participants may be unaffected in the early part of the disease process

    Mild cognitive impairment does not affect pattern electroretinogram in the elderly - a pilot study

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    The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mild cognitive impairment on pattern electroretinogram (pERG) among urban elderly Malays. A total of 36 subjects aged 60 years and above comprising of 18 MCI subjects and 18 normal controls were recruited for this study. The inclusion criteria for both the MCI and normal subjects included best corrected distance visual acuity ≥ 6/9 (Snellen) with refractive error less than ±4.00 DS and/or ±2.00 DC (astigmatism), near visual acuity ≥ N8, absence or no previous history of any significant media opacities, retinal disorders and ocular pathologies. pERG was recorded with the RetiPort/Scan21 system in accordance with the International Society for the Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards. The target presented to subjects through a 19” CRT monitor was a black and white reversing checkerboard with luminance equal to 80 cd/m2, contrast 97% and stimulus frequency 2.00 Hz (4 rev/s). Amplitudes and implicit times of P50 and N95 waves generated by the system were noted and compared between the two groups. The results showed no significant difference in the amplitude and implicit times between the right and left eyes so only the right eye was used for comparison between the MCI and control groups. The mean amplitude and implicit times of the right eye of the MCI and control groups were 1.86±0.65 μV, 56.27±6.20 ms and 1.54±0.74 μV, 56.15±4.98 ms, respectively. T-test showed no significant differences in pERG amplitudes and implicit times between MCI and the control groups. In conclusion, our results may imply that the inner retina is intact in early MCI elderly subjects

    Mental health state of low vision patients using the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the depression, anxiety and stress scale

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    Mental health status of low vision (LV) patients is not a routine evaluation. This study was carried out to determine the mental health status among LV patient using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale questionnaires. A total of 100 LV patients were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Standard LV assessment and mental health screening using DASS-21 and HAD Scale questionnaires were administered. The mean age of the subjects was 62.77+9.15 years old. There were 63% Malays, followed by 26% Chinese and 11% Indians. The mean visual acuity of the subjects was 0.45+0.24 LogMAR. Results showed the mean score for depression and anxiety for HAD scale questionnaire were 3.11+3.35 and 2.85+3.21, respectively. The mean score for depression, anxiety and stress for DASS questionnaire were 4.83+6.90, 3.58+3.79 and 6.18+6.92, respectively. The mean scores fell into the normal range classification of severity on both HAD scale and DASS. The HAD Scale showed that 12% of the subjects experienced depression and 8% experienced anxiety while the DASS showed that 7% had depression, 17% had anxiety and 24% experienced stress. These findings illustrate that the mental health of the LV patients can be affected due to visual impairment. In conclusion, the mental health status of LV patients can be screened objectively using DASS-21 and HAD Scale questionnaire. Understanding the mental health status of LV patients will enable us to provide better LV assessment and rehabilitation

    Perubahan tahap pencahayaan dalam bilik darjah di sebuah sekolah pendidikan khas cacat penglihatan dan perbandingan tahap pencahayaan di bawah keadaan pencahayaan yang berbeza

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    Illumination is one of the important physical aspects that influences comfortability during learning session particularly among visually impaired students. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in illumination level in classrooms during learning session at Sekolah Menengah Pendidikan Khas (SMPK), Setapak. The second objective was to compare the illumination level in the classrooms under three different lighting conditions: daylight only, with additional artificial light and with removal of obstructions to daylight. Illumination levels in 17 classrooms was measured at one hour interval, between 8 am to 1 pm for the first stage and 19 classrooms under three different lighting conditions from 11 am to 12 noon for the second stage, using ILM1335 (ISO-TECH, Taiwan) digital luxmeter. Illumination level increased significantly from 8 am to 11 am (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: F(2.14, 34.26)=76.49, p<0 .001) and was maximum at 1 pm. The illumination level was highest for the condition of daylight with additional artificial light (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: F(2,34)=110.51, p<0.001) compared to other conditions. Illumination levels for daylight without obstruction was significantly higher than daylight only (pairwise comparison: p=0.001). Classroom illumination level was lowest in the early morning. However, classroom illumination can be increased either by removing the obstructions to daylight or with additional artificial lighting

    Profile of visual impairment in older adult patients attending primary eye care optometry clinic : a retrospective study

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    With an aging population, prevalence of visual impairment (VI) is expected to increase as well. A retrospective study was conducted involving the files of older adult patients aged 60 years and above from the Primary Eye Care (PEC) Optometry Clinic Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and causes of VI among older adults. This retrospective study was conducted by reviewing files of older adult patients aged 60 years and above who had visited PEC Optometry Clinic UKM from 2009 to 2019. Socio-demographic, health status, status of visual acuity (VA), refractive error, prevalence and causes of VI before and after refractive correction were analysed by using descriptive statistic. Habitual distance VA was measured monocularly using the Snellen chart and recorded in decimal unit. The mean habitual distance VA in the better eye was 0.72+0.31, ranging from 0.41 to 1.03 while the mean VA after subjective refraction in the better eye was 0.88+0.28 which ranging from 0.60 to 1.16. The prevalence of VI based on habitual VA were 16.0%. The main cause of VI based on habitual VA was cataract (53.4%). The refractive status after subjective refraction showed highest percentage of hyperopia (41.9%), followed by emmetropia (32.4%) and myopia (25.7%). The findings of this study emphasise the importance of increased patient education and further expansion of optometric services are required to reduce avoidable blindness

    Association between vision and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults in Selangor, Malaysia

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    AIM: To determine the association between distance and near visual acuity (VA) and cognitive function among older adults in Selangor, Malaysia. METHODS: A total of 230 older adults (age ≥60y) participated in this study. Habitual distance and near VA were measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Chart and Lighthouse Near Visual Acuity Chart, respectively. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (M-MSE) and the Malay language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (M-MoCA). Digit Symbol (DS) subtest was used to measure information processing. RESULTS: No significant association was observed between vision and M-MSE and M-MoCA scores. However, poor distance and near VA were found to be significantly associated with low DS scores [distance VA: β=-0.01, R2=0.1, P=0.02; odds ratio (OR)=2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-7.33, P=0.03; near VA: β=-0.05, R2=0.08, P=0.00; OR=3.32, 95%CI, 1.28-8.59, P=0.01]. CONCLUSION: Poor vision is associated with a decline in information processing in older adults and substantiates the importance of preserving good vision in maintaining cognitive function
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