The estimation and projection of the electric power generation from corn residues in Nigeria based on liner regression analysis

A global desire for sustainable energy development to combat greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from energy sector has incited research endeavours on the exploitation of various kinds of renewable energy. However, presence of biomass resources in nearly every part of the world coupled with their ability to decarbonise electric power sector when used for electricity generation has attracted a very important attention for their exploitation. Thus, estimation and projection of the potential capability of different kinds of biomass resources for power generation is imperative. In the estimation and projection of electric power potential of a bioresidue, a standard formulation involving only two parameters is commonly employed by researchers. The parameters are the calorific value of residue and residue conversion factor. The estimations were made in country case study without taking into account another factor where some quantity of residues is diverted for contending applications. Therefore, this research presents a new mathematical technique called a Modified Nominal Bio-Power Capacity (MNBPC) by introducing the concept of residue availability factor. The new formulation is used for estimating the nominal power capacity of three corn residues (cob, straw and stalk) in Nigeria as a case study. A period of 15 years (1996-2010) is chosen for the estimation using corn production quantity obtained from United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation while the calorific values of the sample residues are obtained experimentally. The computation is also based on the average of different gasification efficiency of 31% adopted from literature. A projection of 10 years (2011-2020) based on the new formulation was performed using linear regression which is in line with the plan of action to integrate bioelectricity into the nation?s power sector by the year 2020. The least squares technique is considered to be superior for the projection because of its ability to correlate production quantity with time in a long forecasting scenario compared to other techniques. Based on the 70% collection rate (availability factor) of the residue surveyed in the country case study, computational findings estimated 2,570 MW (2.57 GW) nominal power capacity in the year 2010. This potential is approximately 33% of the total current installed capacity of 7,876 MW and 25.7% of the national electric power demand of 10,000 MW. The projection result shows that by the year 2020, a total capacity of 3,200 MW (3.2 GW) could be achieved with corn stalk residue exhibiting the highest potential of 73.1% of the total. This is based on 61% coefficients of determination between the residues? production trend with respect to time variation as evaluated using Pearson?s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Finally, the estimated and projected potential in this study has shown a significant contribution from the corn residues to the proposed biomass power generation in the country

Static security classification and evaluation classifier design in electric power grid with presence of PV power plants using C-4.5

Energy suppliers all over the world must expand energy in a way that is secure, clean, affordable, and environmentally responsible. Photovoltaic (PV) has been a competitive renewable-energy source for the power generation mix in the world. With the presence of solar PV technology, this paper proposes C4.5 approach for static security evaluation and classification (SSE). This paper proposes PV generators connected to the grid when bilateral energy transactions with the loads are implemented to see their impacts on the system security. To build a classifier in binary class, the process is divided into four components: data collection, pre-processing and feature selection, comparison of the techniques, best classifier selection and performance evaluation. A comprehensive comparison of four of Decision Tree׳s Algorithms for SSE is conducted. The study is (accomplished using) conducted on IEEE 30 bus system, which comprises 5 PV power generators deliver a total power of 40 MW. Data are generated on (30, 57, 118 and 300) bus IEEE test systems used to train and test the classifiers. Empirically, with the presence of PV power generators, the implementation results indicate that these classifiers have the capability for system security evaluation and classification. Lastly, C4.5 is an efficient and effective approach for real-time evaluation and classification classifier desig

Renewable power generation opportunity from municipal solid waste: a case study of Lagos Metropolis (Nigeria)

Renewable power generation is increasingly becoming a well-known phenomenon in our modern society. Various research efforts have been rationalized to prove the benefits that could be derived from the utilization of renewable energy resources for electricity. Though, environmental benefits have been the major focal advantage but in the case of municipal solid waste (MSW), socio-economic impact on the society is possible in the form of saving in land allocation for waste management and income generation. Therefore, this study discusses the concept of waste-to-energy (WTE) management in Lagos metropolis as a case study. Lagos state has 20 administrative Local Government Areas with 16 of them forming the Lagos metropolis. The study also significantly accesssed the potential of MSW for power generation considering the route of thermo-chemical conversion as an alternative measure to landfilling and open dumping of waste commonly practice in the metropolis. It was found that approximately 442MWe is possible to be achieved using a population benchmark of over 16 million recorded in the metropolis in 2006.Three major techniques for energy generation from MSW are also discussed.Finally the study was concluded on possible investment issues to enhance the resources utilization for energy purpose

Potential capability of corn cob residue for small power generation in rural Nigeria

The ongoing global decarbonization strategies has paved ways for mixed power generation options involving both conventional and non-conventional sources of energy which is aiming at the simultaneous interest of lowering the price per unit of energy produced and sustaining healthy environmental requirements. However, future energy supply structures is expected to be dominated by renewable energy systems distributed generation while the reserves of fossil-based energy resources continue to decline on daily basis. Possible conversion technologies for electrical power generation utilizing the corn cob bio-residue were outlined in this framework. The article also seeks to investigate the potential opportunity of small power generation from biomass corn cob residue in Nigeria. A mathematically modified method was employed for evaluating the potential of the residue for power generation. Data from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) statistics was used for the analysis and concentrated body of literature back-up was also exploited for the analysis. The observation of data was carried-out from 1996 to 2010, though, the general result signifies a fluctuating potential. Summarily, the outcome of the study indicated that close to 3000MW electrical power is possible with availability of 70% of the residue in 2010. The study was concluded with brief description on prospect for implementation strategies of rural bioelectricity project

Biogenic waste methane emissions and methane optimization for bioelectricity in Nigeria

Animal manure and municipal solid waste in atmospherically unconfined locations emit gaseous chemicals under the influence of some spontaneous reactions. These chemical substances, if allowed free escape into the atmosphere, can induce a global warming scenario with the potential for greenhouse gases (GHGs) to rise into the atmosphere. However, capturing these gases, especially methane, can be useful for bioenergy production and prevention of environmental pollution. This study tends to provide a theoretical estimate of methane emissions from both livestock manure in Nigeria and municipal solid waste deposits in some of the country's major cities. Ten-year data obtained from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) was used to estimate the methane emissions from animal residues using a mathematical approach developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Emissions of methane from solid wastes were also estimated based on the 2011 cities' waste generation and management data from the Renewable Energy Department (RED) of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja (Nigeria). In addition, methane capturing processes and optimization strategies were discussed as aids to any future prospects on the uses of methane for bioelectricity in the country. In addition, some identified factors militating against the accelerated progress for biogas production and utilization in the country is also highlighted. Results from this study indicated a large amount and increasing levels of methane emissions from animal residues and solid wastes. Capturing the methane emitted will not only mitigate against global warming but can also be a source of energy generation for the country

Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency

Currently, the electric power sector is looking forward towards increasing the bent for availability, reliability and security of energy supply to consumers. This pursuit has vehemently increased the intention for integrating renewable energy (RE) into the electricity sector as a strategy to curb the problem of energy deficiency especially in isolated off-grid settlements. However, the variability in the sources of RE supply coupled with conditional changes in the level of energy consumption with respect to time has brought to focus the necessity for energy storage systems (ESSs). Despite the stochastic nature of RE produced from solar and wind energy and to some extent hydro, interest in their exploitation is still growing high due to their sustainability regarding environmental receptiveness. Thus, this paper extensively reviews the state of the art of three different kinds of energy storage technologies (pumped hydroelectricity storage, batteries and fuel cells) suitable for the integration and management of intermittency in RE. Within the context of the review, advantages and disadvantages of the various technologies are also presented. Additionally, it also pin-points on the different areas of applications of ESSs for RE integration and offers review summary on factors to be considered for selecting appropriate energy storage technology for either commercial or domestic applications. Finally, the paper concluded that ESSs selection is based on performance characteristics and fuel source used whereas no single ESS can meet all the possible requirements to be called a supreme ESS

Overuse of wood-based bioenergy in selected sub-Saharan Africa countries: review of unconstructive challenges and suggestions

Abstract Excessive wood consumption for energy and over-dependence on fossil fuel-based energy are fundamental issues of importance regarding the destruction of environmental sanity. In this respect, international communities are seeking to explore opportunities on how to encourage aggressive deployment of technologies for clean and sustainable development and possibly renewable. The Kyoto protocol on climate change meeting in 1997 with about 160 countries in attendance has been used as one of the platform of discourse on carbon emissions reduction strategies. Advocated strategies agreed include increase in renewable energy consumption via modern techniques. Massive deployment of renewable energy systems on a global scale will ensure a reasonable displacement of oil based energy production which is the main source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases. In sub-Saharan Africa, limited access to modern energy in the region has stepped-up reliance on bioenergy consumption in form of wood fuel and charcoal resulting to attendant effects on human health, environment and the biodiversity in general. In view of the foregoing, this study presents a review on the current situations of unconstructive effects in the overuse of fuel wood and its charcoal derivative for energy consumption in three selected sub-Saharan African countries; Nigeria, Ghana and Uganda. In conclusion, suggestions on how to confront the challenges associated with the over-exploitation conditions of fuel wood in the region are put forward. The suggestions could be part of the pursuit to increase electricity availability, reliability and security with lower level of emissions in the region

POTENTIAL CAPABILITY OF CORN COB RESIDUE FOR SMALL POWER GENERATION IN RURAL NIGERIA

ABSTRACT The ongoing global decarbonization strategies has paved ways for mixed power generation options involving both conventional and non-conventional sources of energy which is aiming at the simultaneous interest of lowering the price per unit of energy produced and sustaining healthy environmental requirements. However, future energy supply structures is expected to be dominated by renewable energy systems distributed generation while the reserves of fossil-based energy resources continue to decline on daily basis. Possible conversion technologies for electrical power generation utilizing the corn cob bio-residue were outlined in this framework. The article also seeks to investigate the potential opportunity of small power generation from biomass corn cob residue in Nigeria. A mathematically modified method was employed for evaluating the potential of the residue for power generation. Data from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) statistics was used for the analysis and concentrated body of literature back-up was also exploited for the analysis. The observation of data was carried-out from 1996 to 2010, though, the general result signifies a fluctuating potential. Summarily, the outcome of the study indicated that close to 3000MW electrical power is possible with availability of 70% of the residue in 2010. The study was concluded with brief description on prospect for implementation strategies of rural bioelectricity project

Sustainable potential of bioenergy resources for distributed power generation development in Nigeria

Rising concerns about global energy security and climate change due to emissions of noxious gases resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels have strongly renewed interest in renewable energy development. These concerns have also coordinated a reaction towards the global focus on a clean development mechanism, which is a basic strategy endorsed in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. The use of biomass for the sustainable distributed generation of power offers immense hope to rural dwellers, who have limited access to electricity from centralized grid systems. Like other renewable sources of energy, biomass distributed-generation systems will play a critical role in the future of electrical power demand outlooks and energy generation planning. This article presents the wide-ranging potential of bioenergy resources in Nigeria for bioelectric power generation. It explicates the poor energy situation of the country and highlights different categories of biomass that can be exploited to tackle the energy deficiency in many rural communities. The study concludes with a discussion on the significance of distributed-generation electricity using bioenergy resources for rural energy supply, including brief discussions on the technologies for bioelectric power utilization