Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Evaluation of Some Pyrazoles, Thiazoles and Oxazoles Derived from 2-Mercaptoaniline

            تحضير 2-مركبتوبنزوثايازول(A1) من تفاعل المركب 2-مركبتوانيلين مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم كعامل مساعد.حضر المركب  ( A2)من تفاعل المركب 2-مركبتوبنزوثايازول مع المركب كلورواسيتايل كلورايد ثم مفاعلة  المركب الناتج مع الهيدرازين المائي في الإيثانول ليعطي الهيدرازيد (A3) .تم مفاعلة المركب ( A3) مع الايثل اسيتو اسيتيت ليعطي مركب البايروزول ( A4) بينما عند تفاعل المركب  ( A3)مع البنزالديهايد بوجود حامض الخليك والايثانول اعطى الهيدرازون ( A5) اما عند تفاعله مع الثايويوريا بوجود الايثانول اعطى 2- امينو ثايازول ( A6) والذي بدوره فوعل مع المركب 4-N,N-ثنائي مثيل بنزالديهايد ليعطي الهيدرازون (A7)  .بينما المركب ( A2) عند تفاعله مع اليويا بوجود الايثانول اعطى المركب 2- امينواوكسازول ( A8) والذي بدوره فوعل مع المركب4 -ميثوكسي-3-هيدروكسي بنزالديهايد ليعطي الهيدرازون (A9)تم التأكد من المركبات الكيميائية المحضرة باستعمال الطرائق الفيزياوية والطيفية مثل طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي البروتوني( 1H-NMR) , وطيف الأشعة تحت الحمراء (FT-IR) وكذلك طيف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية(UV) لبعض المركبات المحضرة, فضلاً عن استعمال عدد من الطرائق للكشف والتشخيص لقسم من المجاميع الفعالة (كشف العناصر CHN) للمركبات المحضرة. كما تم تقييم الفعالية البيولوجية لبعضها ضد نوع واحد من البكتيريا و نوعين من الفطريات.    Synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (A1) is performed from the reaction of  o-aminothiophenol and carbon disulfide CS2 in ethanol under basic condition. Compound (A1)  is reacted with chloro acetyl chloride to give compound (A2). Hydrazide acid compound (A3) is obtained from the reaction of compound (A2) with  hydrazine hydrate in ethanol under reflux in the presence of glacial acetic acid .The reaction of hydrazide acid compound (A3) with ethyl acetoacetate gives pyrazole compound (A4). The new hydrazone  compound (A5) was prepared from the reaction of compound (A3) with  benzaldehyde. Reaction of compound (A3) with  thiourea  dissolved in ethanol  gave  2-amino thiazole  compounds(A6) which was used the reaction with 4–N,N-dimethyl benzaldehyde to yield  compound hydrazone (A7).While, the reaction of compound (A2) with  urea  in the presence of ethanol  gave 2-amino oxazole  compounds (A8) which was used in the reaction with 3-hydroxy – 4 -methoxy benzaldehyde to yield hydrazone (A9). The structures of the prepared compounds were established by spectral (1H-NMR,Elemental analysis (C.H.N- ),and  FT-IR. In addition to systematic characterization of some active functional groups in these compounds, antibacterial activity (Esheriechia coli,  Bacillus subtilis ) for some of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against two types of fugal (Candida albicans ) , the synthesized compounds.

Secondary metabolites of marine-derived Bacillus spizizenii against the enteric redmouth disease in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Looking for effective alternatives, such as secondary microbial metabolites, is needed to restrict the use of antibiotics in farmed fish and their detrimental effects on public health and the environment. Thirty-three water and sediments samples were collected from coastal areas in the Basrah Governorate, southern Iraq, to assess their biological activity against bacterial pathogens isolated from Cyprinus carpio, with enteric red mouth disease. 20 spore-forming bacteria were isolated and identified by VITEK BCL cards and amplifying the gyrA gene. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites produced by the strains were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS. Four pathogenic bacteria were isolated from common carp infected with the enteric red mouth disease. The antibacterial activity of the extracts of the isolated marine strains was examined on bacteria causing enteric red mouth disease and Y. ruckeri and P. aeruginosa. Based on the results, the marine isolates were identified as B. spizizenii and GC-MS analysis revealed that these strains' extract contained amino acids and their derivatives and esters and hydrocarbons. Also, biochemical identifications showed that the bacteria isolated from fish belonged to the species of Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the antibacterial activity assay, the extracts of B. spizizenii strains were considerably active against bacteria involved in enteric red mouth disease, especially Y. ruckeri. These findings indicate marine B. spizizenii can be replaced with antibiotics in the aquaculture industry to combat infections

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population