4 research outputs found

    Evaluation of the quality of groundwater used for irrigation in the Mina plain, Algeria

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    The development of agriculture in the Mina plain is hampered by the drought that has occurred in recent years. As a result, water scarcity has favoured an intensive use of groundwater of poor quality. This behaviour is one of the forerunners of soil degradation. Knowing the quality of the irrigation water used becomes imperative. In this context, water samples from 178 wells in the Mina plain were subjected to a physico-chemical analysis, mainly electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI), were used to identify water quality classes as well as residual alkalinity (RSC) to determine salinization pathways. The thematic maps established by the two methods (EC and SAR, IWQI) showed that 73.44% of the total area could be used for irrigation and that 87.55% of the total area may be used for irrigation in soils with high permeability where additional water should be applied to prevent salt accumulation. The residual alkalinity revealed two types of salinization: one neutral and one alkaline, representing respectively 149 and 29 wells. The electrical conductivity varied between 2.24 and 16.50 dS∙m-1, divided into two classes of salinity (C4, 44.03% and C5, 55.97%). SAR values fluctuated between a low of 4.28 and a high of 94.73, with S2 dominance accounting for 49.57% of the total area. IWQI’s assessment of groundwater quality revealed that 87.55% of the Mina study area is severely restricted, which is dominant in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the area. The remaining area, 12.44% or less, is in the high restriction category. This simple index uses the most important parameters that evaluate the quality of irrigation water for management.Le dĂ©veloppement de l’agriculture dans la plaine de la Mina est entravĂ© par la sĂ©cheresse qui s’est installĂ©e ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. En consĂ©quence, la pĂ©nurie d’eau a favorisĂ© l’utilisation intensive des eaux souterraines dont la qualitĂ© est mĂ©connue. Ce comportement est l’un des prĂ©curseurs de la dĂ©gradation des sols. La connaissance de la qualitĂ© de l’eau d’irrigation utilisĂ©e devient primordiale. Dans ce contexte, des Ă©chantillons d’eau de 178 puits de la plaine de la Mina ont fait l’objet d’une analyse physicochimique, principalement la conductivitĂ© Ă©lectrique (EC), le ratio d’adsorption de sodium (SAR) et l’indice de la qualitĂ© de l’eau d’irrigation (IQWI) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour identifier les classes de la qualitĂ© des eaux ainsi que l’alcalinitĂ© rĂ©siduelle (RSC) pour dĂ©terminer les voies de salinisation. Les cartes thĂ©matiques Ă©tablies par les deux mĂ©thodes (EC et SAR, IQWI) ont montrĂ© que 73,44 % de la superficie totale Ă©tait utilisable pour l’irrigation et que 87,55 % de la superficie totale de la zone d’étude peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour l’irrigation de sols Ă  permĂ©abilitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e oĂč de l’eau devrait ĂȘtre ajoutĂ©e pour Ă©viter l’accumulation des sels. L’alcalinitĂ© rĂ©siduelle a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© deux types de salinisation, une par voie neutre et une autre par voie alcaline, reprĂ©sentant respectivement 83,71 % et 16,29 % des puits. La conductivitĂ© Ă©lectrique oscillait entre 2,24 et 16,50 dS∙m-1, rĂ©partie en deux classes de salinitĂ© (C4, 44,03 % et C5, 55,97 %). Les valeurs du SAR fluctuaient entre un minimum de 4,28 et un maximum de 94,73 avec une dominance de la classe S2 reprĂ©sentant 49,57 % de la superficie totale. L’évaluation de la qualitĂ© des eaux souterraines par l’IQWI a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que 87,55 % de la zone d’étude de la Mina a une restriction sĂ©vĂšre, ce qui est dominant dans les parties sud-est et sud-ouest de la zone. Le reste de la zone, 12,44 % et moins, relĂšve de la catĂ©gorie de haute restriction. Cet indice simple utilise les plus importants paramĂštres qui Ă©valuent la qualitĂ© de l’eau d’irrigation pour la gestion

    Sediment Losses in Watersheds in the Western-Center Meso-Region Rio-grandense

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    The permanent monitoring of sediment losses in small-paired watersheds is still incipient, especially in what concerns the search for information that combines variables that are part of an open and dynamic system. In this sense, this work investigated sediment losses in watersheds in the Western Meso-region Rio-grandense from 07/2010 to 12/2012. The auxiliary variables were composed of rainfall, surface and base flow and kinetic energy – in comparison to the morphometry of each microbasin and its use – to the concentration of suspended sediments and total sediment loss. Statistical analysis of the data was based on descriptive statistics, taking into account the indicators of cumulative, average, standard deviation, standard error and variance, as well as regression analysis. The largest mild to smooth corrugate relief area of the smallest river basins is not sufficient to provide lower superficial runoff values. The increase in rainfall directly contributes to the increase in kinetic energy, and leads to greater sediment losses in both small hydrographic basins. The larger area occupied by natural water reservoirs contributes efficiently to the reduction of suspended sediment losses. The watershed with larger area is more susceptible to the triggering of erosive processes than to the smaller area, in 8 (2010), 6 (2011) and 4 (2012) times

    Recent Advances in GaN‐Based Power HEMT Devices

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