The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Review and Meta-Analysis Study

Background: Mother's health and breastfeeding efficacy are affected by depression during pregnancy. The aim of study was to determine the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the treatment of postpartum depression in mothers after childbirth. Methods: In this systematic review, the Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, Magiran & SID databases were used to access relevant documentation. To search for articles in the resource, the keywords depression AND cognitive-behavior therapy AND "perinatal OR antepartum OR childbirth" is used with all possible combinations of these words. Without time limitation, all related articles have been retrieved. Search was restricted to articles published in Persian and English. The quality of papers was examined using the Cochran risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Rev 5.3. Results: We retrieved 621 titles, of which 12 were qualified after the qualitative synthesis. Meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant beneficial effect of CBT sessions as compared to routine postpartum care on long term management of postpartum depression. (Mean Difference: -4.02 [-5.58, -2.47]). A pooled effect size with BID instrument was observed -6.32 [-8.54, -4.11] at 3 months, with EPDS were observed -2.83 [-6.56, 0.90] and -2.81 [-4.21, -1.41] at 3 and 6 months respectively. Conclusions: CBT was shown to be effective however the evidence available is limited. It can be used as an effective psychological treatment without the side effect of drugs in PPD. Keywords: Postpartum depression, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Psychological disorder, Review, Meta-analysis

Study of the Relationship between Awareness of Reproductive Health and Self- Esteem Level in the Students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences

Background: Adolescents are weakly aware of reproductive health issues. Regarding the high importance of reproductive health and self-esteem level, this study aims at determining the relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem. Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study, was the first-semester students who entered into Shahroud University of medical sciences in January 2017. The demographic information, Cooper Smith scale for self-esteem and reproductive health researcher-made scale, were completed by the students. SPSS v16 software and T-test and Chi-square statistical tests were used in analyzing the data. Results: 105 students participated in the study. The average age of students was 20.2 ±1.8. The average score of reproductive health scale was 51.48±16.24, and the average score for self-esteem questions was 32.91±13.0. There was no statistical difference between male and female groups. There was a significant relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem level (r=0.25 and P=0.001). conclusions: In the current research, there was a significant relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem level. It is suggested that the youth receive more education on reproductive health because this can lead to mental health, in addition to physical health

Study of the Relationship between Awareness of Reproductive Health and Self- Esteem Level in the Students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences

Background: Adolescents are weakly aware of reproductive health issues. Regarding the high importance of reproductive health and self-esteem level, this study aims at determining the relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem. Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study, was the first-semester students who entered into Shahroud University of medical sciences in January 2017. The demographic information, Cooper Smith scale for self-esteem and reproductive health researcher-made scale, were completed by the students. SPSS v16 software and T-test and Chi-square statistical tests were used in analyzing the data. Results: 105 students participated in the study. The average age of students was 20.2 ±1.8. The average score of reproductive health scale was 51.48±16.24, and the average score for self-esteem questions was 32.91±13.0. There was no statistical difference between male and female groups. There was a significant relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem level (r=0.25 and P=0.001). conclusions: In the current research, there was a significant relationship between the awareness of reproductive health and self-esteem level. It is suggested that the youth receive more education on reproductive health because this can lead to mental health, in addition to physical health

Is the Staple Food Consumed Changes in Diabetics can Affect the Quality of Life? A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial.

Backgrounds: Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases that need continual medical care and self-care education, as well as nutritional therapy as an integral part of dietary management. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of bulk bread formulated with portulaca oleracea on quality of life (QOL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted on 104 patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants received bulk bread containing 10% portulaca powder for 8 weeks (intervention group); the control group used their normal daily bread.  The quality of life score was estimated in both groups by the use of the Short-form 36-Item (SF-36) questionnaire before the intervention, and 8 weeks after dietary intervention, the quality of life score between both groups was compared. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results: The difference in the mean score of quality of life of the studied units in different dimensions of physical function, role limitation due to physical problems, role limitation due to emotional problems, physical pain, social function, energy and vitality, mental health, general health, and overall quality of life showed that  there was a significant difference in the mean in all dimensions and quality of life, except mental health, was observed in the case group after the intervention. The mean difference in quality of life in different dimensions before and after the intervention in the intervention group is significant. Conclusions: According to the results, it was revealed that consumption bulk bread formulated with portulaca oleracea can promote the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. So, it can be concluded that portulaca oleracea as a functional plant can be found in bread as a new treatment and prevention method in patients with diabetes. Keywords: Bread, Portulaca oleracea, Quality of life, Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp

Is the Staple Food Consumed Changes in Diabetics can Affect the Quality of Life? A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial.

Backgrounds: Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases that need continual medical care and self-care education, as well as nutritional therapy as an integral part of dietary management. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of bulk bread formulated with portulaca oleracea on quality of life (QOL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted on 104 patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants received bulk bread containing 10% portulaca powder for 8 weeks (intervention group); the control group used their normal daily bread.  The quality of life score was estimated in both groups by the use of the Short-form 36-Item (SF-36) questionnaire before the intervention, and 8 weeks after dietary intervention, the quality of life score between both groups was compared. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results: The difference in the mean score of quality of life of the studied units in different dimensions of physical function, role limitation due to physical problems, role limitation due to emotional problems, physical pain, social function, energy and vitality, mental health, general health, and overall quality of life showed that  there was a significant difference in the mean in all dimensions and quality of life, except mental health, was observed in the case group after the intervention. The mean difference in quality of life in different dimensions before and after the intervention in the intervention group is significant. Conclusions: According to the results, it was revealed that consumption bulk bread formulated with portulaca oleracea can promote the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. So, it can be concluded that portulaca oleracea as a functional plant can be found in bread as a new treatment and prevention method in patients with diabetes. Keywords: Bread, Portulaca oleracea, Quality of life, Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp

A Review of Wearing a Mask and How to Correctly Wear it in Shahroud City

Background: One of the most important issues since SARS-CoV-2 was identified was the growing information on how the virus was transmitted and how to protect against it. However, many key questions have not yet been fully answered. This study aimed to investigate the correct wearing of a mask in Shahroud city. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional one conducted on 800 people in Shahroud city in a two-month interval (Aug. 22, 2020, to October 30, 2020). Data were collected using a checklist including demographic information. After being collected, the data were entered into SPSS18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results indicated that out of 800 people taking part, 415 people (51.9%) were male and 385 ones (48.1%) were female. The mean participants’ age was 61.78 16±16.09; most participants in the study were born in the year 1972-1995 with 385 ones (48%). Also, concerning masks, it was found that the use of masks and the correct use of them accounted for 528 cases (66%) and 377 cases (47.1%), respectively. The most used mask was a surgical mask with 343 cases (42.9). Concerning the non-use of a mask, 132 people (16.5%) cited choking as the most important reason for not wearing a mask. Also, 681 people (85.1%) and 557 ones (69.6%) had chosen not to participate at weddings and parties, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggested that a greater percentage of participants in the study knew how to correctly wear a mask while not having a history of participating in ceremonies and parties, which is a very good issue. Keywords: Mask, Correct wearing, Shahrou

Investigating the Effect of two Methods of Dialectic Behavioral Therapies and Metacognitive Therapy on the Body Mass Index and Emotional Eating Behavior in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes is one of the chronic multifactorial metabolic diseases that in addition to affecting the clinical condition of the individual, incurs many costs to different communities around the world and also in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy on the body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was an applied and controlled clinical trial one with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and random assignment and quarterly follow-up. The participants were selected from among patients referring to Mashhad diabetes research center. The patients were randomly divided into two experimental (n=40) and control group (n=20). The experimental groups received weekly sessions for 2 months (8 sessions), while the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, in addition to the demographic questionnaire, the standard Dutch Eating Behavior questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed and examined by SPSS 21 and statistical tests. Significant level was set at 0.05. Results: Based on the study, it was found that there was a significant difference between the mean of intervention and control groups (Pvalue<0.05). In other words, dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy significantly reduced the body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy can be used as effective psychological interventions to reduce body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients, which requires further investigation. Keywords: Diabetes, Dialectic behavioral therapies, Metacognitive therapy

Investigating the Effect of two Methods of Dialectic Behavioral Therapies and Metacognitive Therapy on the Body Mass Index and Emotional Eating Behavior in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes is one of the chronic multifactorial metabolic diseases that in addition to affecting the clinical condition of the individual, incurs many costs to different communities around the world and also in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy on the body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was an applied and controlled clinical trial one with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and random assignment and quarterly follow-up. The participants were selected from among patients referring to Mashhad diabetes research center. The patients were randomly divided into two experimental (n=40) and control group (n=20). The experimental groups received weekly sessions for 2 months (8 sessions), while the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, in addition to the demographic questionnaire, the standard Dutch Eating Behavior questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed and examined by SPSS 21 and statistical tests. Significant level was set at 0.05. Results: Based on the study, it was found that there was a significant difference between the mean of intervention and control groups (Pvalue<0.05). In other words, dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy significantly reduced the body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that dialectical behavior therapy and metacognitive psychotherapy can be used as effective psychological interventions to reduce body mass index and emotional eating behavior in patients, which requires further investigation. Keywords: Diabetes, Dialectic behavioral therapies, Metacognitive therapy

A Case-Control Study of Association between Diarrhea in Newborn Calves and Infection with Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Some Industrial Dairy Herds of Mashhad Aarea, Iran in 2008

ABSTRACT A 1:1 matched case-control study of calves under 1 month of age was carried out by weekly visits to 7 dairy farms in Mashhad from May 2008 to October 2008. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 112 calves with clinical signs of diarrhea and from 112 matched animals without clinical signs of diarrhea as assessed by a scoring system. The samples were investigated for the presence of Rotavirus and Coronavirus by a commercial antigen capture ELISA test. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 29.5% and 17% of diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves, respectively and Coronavirus antigen was detected in 2.7% and 1.8% of diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves, respectively. Among diarrheic calves Rotavirus was the most common in the third week of life and Coronavirus was detected only in some cases of second week of life. The excretion of Rotavirus in the feces of scouring calves was significantly higher than in non-diarrheic calves (P value =0.03, odds ratio = 1.9 (1.05 -3.76)), but there was not any significant association between shedding of Coronavirus in the feces and diarrhea (P value =0.66, odds ratio = 1.4 (0.24 -9.05)). These results indicate that in these industrial dairy farms in Mashhad, infections by Rotavirus can be considered as an important cause for newborn calf diarrhea

Alternative Disinfection Methods Use to Control of Microbial Quality and Shelf-life of Raw Eaten Vegetables (Case Study)

Background: Fresh-cut vegetables are particularly susceptible to microbial growth and, therefore, the use of an effective sanitizer on this product is great importance. Method: The common vegetable  types obtained from a local wholesale market in Isfahan and washed with different common disinfectants such as edible salt, sodium hypochlorite, electrolyzed water (EW), complex disinfectant, calcium hypochlorite, and dishwashing liquid. Disinfection time and concentration select according to the Official Protocol in Iran. A total of 126 samples including Mint, Savory, parsley, Garden cress, Common Purslane, Chives, Basil, Radish, and mixed vegetables were analyzed for total bacteria, total coliform bacteria, and E. coli. Result: Results demonstrated that calcium hypochlorite has the best efficiency for total coliforms in separate vegetable of parsley, Garden cress, Common Purslane, Chives, Radish, with100% efficacy. For total coliforms BGB (Brilliant Green Broth) test, complex disinfectant and calcium hypochlorite have 100% removal for all of the vegetables. E.coli test result showed in four vegetables not E.coli but for another vegetable except Dishwashing Liquid efficiency was 100%. Among all disinfectants, EW has a high efficiency for mixed vegetables. For Basil disinfected with edible salt and mint washing with complex disinfectant, Eimeria parasite and in savory disinfected with calcium hypochlorite Hook worm parasitic was found. Shelf-life was between 1 to 5 days. Conclusion: Our research suggested that EW has a good effect for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E.Coli, and helmet eggs removal, also save the vegetable shelf life