The Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Individuals with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD): A Phenomenological Study

The aim of the current research was to study the hot and cool executive functions in individuals with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). To this end, a systematic review study method with use of the hot and cool executive functions and AD/HD key words from web the Data (Pupmed, Springer, ProQuest, Scopus, Elsevier, Science direct, Google Scholar, Magiran), between 2006-2015 was conducted in accordance with research objectives to executed current study. Results revealed that from 9 published research  most of them (4 studies) have been performed on 7 to 12 years old with 2-6 grade subjects with math disorder. Experimental studies (with 88%) are the most frequent among different types of studies. The cold and hot functions result in individuals with AD/HD revealed that in the hot system (decision making) included 9 study and in cold system its including reactive inhibition, planning, problem solving and work memory in 7, 2, 5 and 8 research, respectively. The results of these studies are associated with deficiencies in both hot systems included (decision-making) and cold system (problem solving, work memory, response control, and planning) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Due to the problems of this group individuals in the field of executive functions, developing and implementation of educational and interventional programs are necessary

Meta- Analysis of Problem Based Learning on Students\' Academic Achievement

Introduction: The existence of numerous and sometimes contradictory studies in the field of problem-based learning and academic achievement emphasizes the necessity of doing a combined research. This meta-analysis study was conducted to determine the effect size of problem-based learning with academic achievement. Methods: This meta-analyze study intends to conduct on the effect of problem-based learning on academic achievement. As to meta-analysis, the Hunts and Schmidt approach is employed. Of the 36 studies identified, 23 were analyzed and from web, data (isc, iranmedex, Noormags, SID, Magiran, irandoc, PubMed, EBSCO, worldcat, sciencedirect, Springer, ProQuest and google scholar), between the academic years 2007-2020 was conducted in accordance with research objectives to the study. Results: The results revealed that problem-based learning methods affects student academic achievement. The effect size (0.90) is estimated to be very high based on Cohen's criteria. Generally, the use of problem-based learning methods improves the academic achievement and the transfer of learning to the outside world should be promoted. Conclusion: The results of this research can pave the way for future research in the field of learning and teaching methods

Exploring the Variables of the Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Through Self-Compassion and Psychological Hardiness

Present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between self-compassion and psychological hardiness, and psychological well-being among mothers of children with autism. The research design was correlational, and its statistical population sample consisted of 101 mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. The results of a correlational analysis showed a significant positive relationship between self-compassion and psychological hardiness, and psychological well-being. Multiple regression analysis showed that among the variables of self-compassion and psychological hardiness, the variable of self-compassion had the largest share in predicting the psychological well-being of mothers. Concerning self-compassion, conscious awareness of self-kindness along with psychological hardship could predict the psychological well-being in these groups of mothers, such as raising a child with ASD