On Overinvoicing of Exports in Pakistan

Whereas the policy incentives were designed to promote exports from Pakistan, the incentive system instead led to illicit export practices, i.e., export overinvoicing due to the weaknesses of implementation. Such practices resulted in a significant financial loss to the country and undermined the effectiveness of the export-promoting policy. This paper has determined the presence of overinvoicing of exports in Pakistan and the geographic and product-wise patterns in export overinvoicing. The paper has applied the ‘partner-country data comparison’ technique. Empirical findings confirm the strong presence of export overinvoicing across trading partner countries and products. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence of a significant difference between the duty-drawback rate and the premium on foreign exchange in the kerb market. Convincing presence of export overinvoicing is the basis for a set of policy recommendations made in the paper.

PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN ENTREPRENEUR, MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHAPAP KINERJA KARYAWAN RUMAH BATIK DOLLY SURABAYA

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan entrepreneur, motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan rumah batik dolly di Surabaya. Sumber data pada penelitian ini berupa data primer yang diperoleh dengan menyebar kuisioner kepada responden yaitu karyawan rumah batik dolly. Populasi dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh atau teknik total sampling yaitu teknik dengan mengambil seluruh sampel yang dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian. Total keseluruhan sampel yaitu sebanyak 40 orang karyawan rumah batik dolly Surabaya. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda yang bertujuan untuk menghitung besarnya koefesien regresi guna menunjukan besarnya variabel kepemimpinan entrepreneur, motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kepemimpinan entrepreneur berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,002. Variabel motivasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,004. Dan variabel lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,005. Kata Kunci: Kepemimpinan Entrepreneur, Motivasi, Lingkungan Kerja dan Kinerja Karyawa

Qualified audit reports of local authorities in the northern states of Malaysia

The reliability of information presented in the financial reports of local authorities is of utmost importance to enable the public to measure their performance in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in using public resources. The task to provide such an assurance lies with the Auditor General, who has been entrusted to enforce the auditing compliance regulations. A certificate in the form of “unqualified,” “qualified,” “adverse,” or “disclaimer” accompanied by a report on the financial affairs of the local authorities concerned will be issued after the Auditor General completes the audit of the local authorities’ financial statements. Our study on 14 local authorities comprising municipal and district councils in the Malaysian States of Perlis, Kedah and Penang found that the Qualified Certificate is the common type of audit certificate issued to the local authorities concerned during the period 1997-2001(inclusive of both years). Discrepancies in “Fixed Assets Register” ranked first among the audit incidents that led towards non-compliance to the audit procedures. This was followed by discrepancies in “Other Receivables” and “Cash Flow Statements” which ranked second and third positions respectively. Our finding also shows that size does not grant any advantage to the bigger local authority in reducing the number of audit incidents

Information presentation in annual reports: The case of award winning companies in Malaysia 2000-2010

The way in which the information is presented in the corporate annual report is important, for it determines the readability and understandability of the report. An appropriate form of information presentation helps to improve the effectiveness of the communication process. Information, if presented in an appropriate form, is able to guide viewers’ interpretation to particular outcomes. This will improve the communication efficiency and also enhance the quality of decision-making.The annual report, in the past few decades, has evolved from a financially -driven document to one used to construct a corporate image, to the extent that financial statements are relegated to a technical “appendix”.The front half of the report is used to influence and manage the way in which the information is presented to readers.This paper examines the presentation formats of photographs, graphs, tables, and text in pages prior to the financial statements section of the National Annual Corporate Report Award (NACRA) best presentation annual reports 2000–2010.The discretionary material is mostly textual, followed by photographic, tabular, and graphical presentation.This study not only adds to the accounting literature on voluntary disclosures involving photographs and graphs in particular, but also potentially benefits those companies competing in the future NACRA competition in improving the way in which the corporate information is communicated

Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragaman Bakteri pada Pembenihan Ikan Lele (Clarias Gariepinus) dengan Sistem Air Tertutup (Close Water System)

This research aimed to identify types of bacteria existed in nursery rearing pond of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using closed water system. The observed data include bacterial abundance and diversity in the water and in the fish digestion system, fish growth and water quality. This research was performed in the media of 3 concrete pools with the size of 3 x 1 x 0.8 m3 containing fish stock spreading of 3000 tail / pond. The obtained results showed that the highest abundance of bacteria was found in the surface and the bottom of pond C with the abundance number of 3,0 x 104and 1,2 x 103for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, respectively. Moreover, it was figured that the dominant bacterial species found in the water and the gastrointestinal tract were from the genus of Bacillus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus. Meanwhile, water quality in the pond was observed in the normal range with the temperatures of 28 - 30 oC, pH (6.0 - 7.0), DO (4.5 - 5.7 ppm), ammonia (0.06 - 0.03 ppm), nitrite (0 ppm) and nitrate (0 - 5 ppm)

Fatigue life prediction of austenitic Type 316L stainless steel using ABAQUS

This work has carried out on Type 316L stainless steel of hollow bar specimen. The aim of this work is to determine the fatigue life prediction using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The simulation performed by applied the different stress level to predict the stress of operation to measured life at the measured of operation stress. The simulation emphasis is focused upon the importance of characterize the fatigue limit with compared to data experimental. Comparison of fatigue limit between both simulation and experiment is 150 MPa and 161 MPa, respectively which will provide good agreement in terms of accuracy prediction even various aspects should be taken into account in simulation

EMERGING COMPUTING BASED NOVEL SOLUTIONS FOR DESIGN OF LOW POWER CIRCUITS

The growing applications for IoT devices have caused an increase in the study of low power consuming circuit design to meet the requirement of devices to operate for various months without external power supply. Scaling down the conventional CMOS causes various complications to design due to CMOS properties, therefore various non-conventional CMOS design techniques are being proposed that overcome the limitations. This thesis focuses on some of those emerging and novel low power design technique namely Adiabatic logic and low power devices like Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) and Carbon Nanotube Field Effect transistor (CNFET). Circuits that are used for large computations (multipliers, encryption engines) that amount to maximum part of power consumption in a whole chip are designed using these novel low power techniques