Gross Anatomical Studies of the Oropharyngeal Cavity in Eurasian Hobby (Falconinae: Falco Subbuteo, Linnaeus 1758)

There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby. There is a common oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby as reported in all avian species. The oral cavity of the Eurasian Hobby takes the triangular cone shape, while the roof of the oral cavity was formed by an incomplete hard palate, which presents by a long median choanal cleft, which connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity. The choanal cleft divided into two parts; the rostral long narrow part and the caudal wide part. The infundibular cleft is very narrow, small, shorter, and more caudal midline slit-like opening. There were numerous conical backward papillae were scattered singly or arranged in five rows on the roof of the oral cavity. The arranged five rows of conical papillae; first row was the transverse huge caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, encircled the choanal cleft. The second and third rows are longitudinal rows of the caudomedially directed papillae, were located parallel to the rostral narrow part of choana on each side. The fourth row is semicircular row of caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, while the fifth row is oblique line of palatine papillae. The roof of pharynx has two semicircular papillary rows on the caudal border of the pharyngeal folds. The elongated tongue is non-protrusible and not extended to fill the limit of the lower beak. The laryngeal mound contains middle, elongated opening (glottis) which connected to the trachea and not guarded by the epiglottis

Gross Anatomical Studies of the Oropharyngeal Cavity in Eurasian Hobby (Falconinae: Falco Subbuteo, Linnaeus 1758)

There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby. There is a common oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby as reported in all avian species. The oral cavity of the Eurasian Hobby takes the triangular cone shape, while the roof of the oral cavity was formed by an incomplete hard palate, which presents by a long median choanal cleft, which connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity. The choanal cleft divided into two parts; the rostral long narrow part and the caudal wide part. The infundibular cleft is very narrow, small, shorter, and more caudal midline slit-like opening. There were numerous conical backward papillae were scattered singly or arranged in five rows on the roof of the oral cavity. The arranged five rows of conical papillae; first row was the transverse huge caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, encircled the choanal cleft. The second and third rows are longitudinal rows of the caudomedially directed papillae, were located parallel to the rostral narrow part of choana on each side. The fourth row is semicircular row of caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, while the fifth row is oblique line of palatine papillae. The roof of pharynx has two semicircular papillary rows on the caudal border of the pharyngeal folds. The elongated tongue is non-protrusible and not extended to fill the limit of the lower beak. The laryngeal mound contains middle, elongated opening (glottis) which connected to the trachea and not guarded by the epiglottis

The tongue of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans): morphological characterization through gross, light, scanning electron, and immunofluorescence microscopic examination

Abstract The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is renowned for its remarkable adaptations, yet much of its complex biology remains unknown. In this pioneering study, we utilized a combination of gross anatomy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy, and immunofluorescence techniques to examine the tongue’s omnivorous adaptation in this species. This research bridges a critical knowledge gap, enhancing our understanding of this intriguing reptile. Gross examination revealed a unique arrowhead-shaped tongue with a median lingual fissure and puzzle-piece-shaped tongue papillae. SEM unveiled rectangular filiform, conical, and fungiform papillae, with taste pores predominantly on the dorsal surface and mucous cells on the lateral surface of the papillae. Histologically, the tongue’s apex featured short rectangular filiform and fungiform papillae, while the body exhibited varying filiform shapes and multiple taste buds on fungiform papillae. The tongue’s root contained lymphatic tissue with numerous lymphocytes surrounding the central crypt, alongside lingual skeletal musculature, blood and lymph vessels, and Raffin corpuscles in the submucosa. The lingual striated muscle bundles had different orientations, and the lingual hyaline cartilage displayed a bluish coloration of the ground substance, along with a characteristic isogenous group of chondrocytes. Our research represents the first comprehensive application of immunofluorescence techniques to investigate the cellular intricacies of the red-eared slider’s tongue by employing seven distinct antibodies, revealing a wide array of compelling and significant findings. Vimentin revealed the presence of taste bud cells, while synaptophysin provided insights into taste bud and nerve bundle characteristics. CD34 and PDGFRα illuminated lingual stromal cells, and SOX9 and PDGFRα shed light on chondrocytes within the tongue’s cartilage. CD20 mapped B-cell lymphocyte distribution in the lingual tonsil, while alpha smooth actin (α-SMA) exposed the intricate myofibroblast and smooth muscle network surrounding the lingual blood vessels and salivary glands. In conclusion, our comprehensive study advances our knowledge of the red-eared slider’s tongue anatomy and physiology, addressing a significant research gap. These findings not only contribute to the field of turtle biology but also deepen our appreciation for the species’ remarkable adaptations in their specific ecological niches

Deflection Analysis of a Nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli Nanobeam Model Resting on Two Elastic Foundations: A Generalized Differential Quadrature Approach

This paper provides a general formularization of the nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli nanobeam model for a bending examination of the symmetric and asymmetric cross-sectional area of a nanobeam resting over two linear elastic foundations under the effects of different forces, such as axial and shear forces, by considering various boundary conditions’ effects. The governing formulations are determined numerically by the Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM). A deep search is used to analyze parameters—such as the nonlocal (scaling effect) parameter, nonuniformity of area, the presence of two linear elastic foundations (Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundations), axial force, and the distributed load on the nanobeam’s deflection—with three different types of supports. The significant deductions can be abbreviated as follows: It was found that the nondimensional deflection of the nanobeam was fine while decreasing the scaling effect parameter of the nanobeams. Moreover, when the nanobeam is not resting on any elastic foundations, the nondimensional deflection increases when increasing the scaling effect parameter. Conversely, when the nanobeam is resting on an elastic foundation, the nondimensional deflection of the nanobeam decreases as the scaling effect parameter is increased. In addition, when the cross-sectional area of the nanobeam varies parabolically, the nondimensional deflection of the nonuniform nanobeam decreases in comparison to when the cross-sectional area varies linearly

Genetic Relationship between Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Calves and Broilers Chickens in Kafr El-Sheikh City Using ERIC PCR

A prevalent bacterial intestinal infection with severe economic damage is salmonellosis. Our study was carried out to diagnose Salmonella from chickens and calves, to determine its resistance to antimicrobials’ phenotypic and genotypic characterization of integrons and β lactamase genes in the multidrug resistance of different Salmonella serotypes, and to detect the genetic relationship between Salmonella isolates collected from different origins using an ERIC PCR. In total, 200 samples from diseased chicken and diarrheic calves were obtained from 50 various farms from Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt. Salmonella poultry isolates were characterized as S. Typhimurium (3/8), S. Enteritidis (3/8), and S. Kentucky (2/8), but Salmonella isolates from cattle were S. Enteritidis (1/2) and S. Kentucky (1/2). When antibiotic susceptibility testing was completed on all of the isolates, it showed that there was multidrug resistance present (MDR). A PCR was applied for identifying the accompanying class 1 integrons and ESBLs from MDR Salmonella isolates (two isolates of S. Kentucky were divided as one from calf and one from poultry). Our results detected blaTEM and class 1 integron, but were negative for bla IMP, bla VIM, and bla SHV. An ERIC PCR was conducted for understanding the clonal relation between various β-lactamase-producing MDR Salmonella isolates. The same four previously mentioned isolates were also tested. The two isolates of S. Enteritidis isolated from poultry and calves had 100% similarity despite indicating that there were interactions between broilers and calves living on the same farm that caused infection from the same Salmonella strains, while the other two isolates of S. Kentucky showed only 33% serovarities