Characterization and optimization of the performance of an integrated ultrasonic membrane anaerobic (IUMAS) in treating pome as substrate

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a highly polluting wastewater with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These causes severe pollution to the environment, and water resources. Traditional ways of treating POME are disadvantageous from both economic and environmental perspectives. In this Thesis, the potential of an integrated ultrasonic membrane anaerobic system (IUMAS) for the treatment of POME was investigated. The work began with some characterization studies to provide understandings of fundamental issues for wastewater treatment. This research used different organic loading rates from 0.5 to 13 kg/COD/m3/d as a fed to the system, which operated as semi-continuously at mesophilic temperature from 25-35 °C and pressure ranges of 1.5-2 bars. The IUMAS overall efficiency has been evaluated under six steady states and the influent COD varied between 70,000 to 80,000 mg/L. IUMAS depicted better performance as compared to membrane anaerobic system MAS results in treating the palm oil mill effluent, POME as it achieved higher percentage removal efficiencies for COD, BOD, Turbidity and total suspended solids, TSS which are 97%, 80%, 96% and 98.6% respectively. The highest methane gas percentage, CH4 was 84.5%. The POME characterized qualitatively using SEM, EDX and FTIR. IUMAS performed better compared to MAS. Monod, Contois, Chen and Hashimoto kinetics models were used to estimate the performance of IUMAS for POME sludge treatment and the system has shown good prediction and Chen and Hashimoto model has shown the best fittings of 90%. An optimization study for the preparation conditions of the selected optimum parameters for maximum methane gas production was investigated using Response Surface Methodology, RSM. The determining factors such as pH, organic loading rates, OLR, COD, and Hydraulic retention time, HRT were initially screened using 2 level factorial approach. The screening revealed that the effect of screened parameters was significant. Furthermore, the impact of these four operating parameters were investigated using the faced central design techniques. The results presented the optimum conditions for highest methane yield is 88.7% from POME were pH, 6.9; OLR, 6.5kg COD/m3/day, COD, 74,000 mg/L, and HRT, 5 days. The results obtained in this study have exposed the capability of integrated ultrasonic membrane anaerobic system, IUMAS, in treating POME wastewater

Electrodialysis membrane desalination for water and wastewater processing: irregular attack angles of membranes spacers

Electrodialysis desalination is constructed with a number of anion exchange membranes (AEM), cation exchange membranes (CEM), anode, cathode, adjacent silicon gasket integrated membrane spacers, and inlet/outlet holes per cell. At the boundary among an ionic solution and an ion exchange membrane, concentration polarization develops. Spacers placed in between channel’s walls function as stream baffles to increase turbulence, improve heat and mass transfer, diminish the laminar boundary layer, and lessen fouling problems. The current study offers a systematic review of membrane spacers, spacer-bulk attack angles, and irregular attack angles. Spacer-bulk attack angle is accountable for variations in the pattern and direction of stream which impact heat-mass transfer and concentration polarization. Irregular attack angles (e.g., 0°, 15°, 30°, 37°, 45°, 55°, 60°, 62°, 70°, 74°, 80°, 90°, 110°, 120°) in the present study were found to provide unique stream patterns due to the spacer’s filaments being less or more transverse in respect to the primary solution direction, which may significantly alter heat transfer, mass transport, pressure drop, and overall flow dynamics. Spacer applies shear stress resulting by continuous stream tangent to the membrane exterior, which lessens polarization. In the end, 45° is concluded as the preferred attack angle that offers balanced rates of heat transfer, mass transport, and pressure drop throughout the feed channel while greatly lowering the rate of concentration polarization

Estimation of small-scale kinetic parameters of escherichia coli (E. coli) model by enhanced segment particle swarm optimization algorithm ese-pso

The ability to create “structured models” of biological simulations is becoming more and more commonplace. Although computer simulations can be used to estimate the model, they are restricted by the lack of experimentally available parameter values, which must be approximated. In this study, an Enhanced Segment Particle Swarm Optimization (ESe-PSO) algorithm that can estimate the values of small-scale kinetic parameters is described and applied to E. coli’s main metabolic network as a model system. The glycolysis, phosphotransferase system, pentose phosphate, the TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate pathways, and acetate formation pathways of Escherichia coli are represented by the Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) system for the metabolic network. However, this algorithm uses segments to organize particle movements and the dynamic inertia weight ((Formula presented.)) to increase the algorithm’s exploration and exploitation potential. As an alternative to the state-of-the-art algorithm, this adjustment improves estimation accuracy. The numerical findings indicate a good agreement between the observed and predicted data. In this regard, the result of the ESe-PSO algorithm achieved superior accuracy compared with the Segment Particle Swarm Optimization (Se-PSO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithms. As a result of this innovative approach, it was concluded that small-scale and even entire cell kinetic model parameters can be developed

Application of membrane bioreactor in wastewater treatment: A mini review

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is credible and promising technology methods for industrial wastewater treatment and recycle it to use in different applications. Today MBR has many domestic and industrial applications and it is popular among the types of conventional treatment methods. The main drawback in the operation of MBR is membrane fouling, that drive to the decrease in permeate flux so need some technique to clean the membrane. In spite of more than a decade of significant advances in improvement of fouling reduction technique, various physical and mechanical methods are still necessary to be improved to limit the membrane fouling problems. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of membrane bioreactor, fundamental of membrane fouling that is affected by some factors and methods of controlling membrane fouling were discussed

The efficiency of membrane anaerobic system (MAS) in treating sugarcane mill effluent (SCME)

In recent times, the environmental issues have been on an alarming rate mostly for public authorities, societies, and industrial establishments. Sugarcane mill effluent (SCME) which contain high miscellaneous pollutants such as the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS) and the volatile suspended solid (VSS). However, the conventional method has the merit of COD reduction from SCME, but is limited in capturing the methane gas produced. In this study the membrane anaerobic system (MAS) was used as a cost-effective replacement method for treating SCME. In this study, six steady states were reached as part of the kinetic study with concentration ranging from 6312 to 14043 mg/l. for the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and 4790 to 12887 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). The three kinetic equations (Monod, Contois and Chen and Hashimoto) were used to explain the kinetics of SCME treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 0.5 to 13 kg COD/m3/day. The removal efficiency of COD was from 94.2% to 93.9% and produced methane gas (CH4) 75.4%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were subsequently used to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the content of the biomass before and after treatment

The Potentials of an Integrated Ultrasonic Membrane Anaerobic System (IUMAS) in Treating Sugar Cane Wastewater

Excess levels of organic and inorganic matters in the discharge from sugarcane mill effluent (SCME) wastewater, causes the earnest environmental issue. In this study, a single unit integrated ultrasonic membrane anaerobic system (IUMAS) has been investigated for industrial sugarcane wastewater treatment. As the “Membrane-fouling” is one of the main constraints of IUMAS which eventually reduce the processing ability. In the present study, most researchers resort to cost reduction. IUMAS was alternatively applied as an economical approach for SCME wastewater treatment. The application of “Multiple-analysis” methods (COD, BOD, TSS) and three kinetic models during the treatment, suggested the specific range of organic loading rate to produce biogas. The result showed the increased methane gas production up to 80% in the biogas, with 94 -96% of COD removal efficiency from the SCME wastewater. Results concluded the effective efficiency of IUMAS to reduce the membrane fouling and treatment of SCME wastewater as well as enhanced production of methane gas

Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS)

The directly discharged of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) into the river causes environmental hazards due to the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The main issue of the traditional methods for POME treatment is that are not suitable for high suspended solid wastewaters and their gas production is less efficient at a high treatment volume. Therefore, in this study Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) was used as alternative effective method for treating POME. The result obtained from the six steady states with concentration ranging from 11,048 to 15,700 mg/L mg/L for the MLSS, while the MLVSS recorded a concentration range between 10,540 and 17,600 mg/L. Moreover, the COD removal efficiency and HRT recorded from 94 to 97% and 150 to 10 days, respectively. Also, the coefficient of microorganism yield, decay rate, and the produced methane gas were obtained as 0.52g VSS/g COD, 0.31 day-1 and 0.182 to 0.564 l/g, respectively. Kinetic equations from Monod, Contois, and Chen, & Hashimoto were employed to describe the kinetics of POME treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 0.5 to 13 kg COD/m3/day. POME were characterized using Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in the regions of 900 to 1740 and 2800 to 3400 cm-1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the obtained result confirmed the potential of Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) for the efficient treatment of POME effluent

Yield Optimization and Supercritical CO₂ Extraction of Essential Oil from Jasmine Flower

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an innovation that permits extraction of an extensive variety of different chemical composition from the plant grids. Extraction of essential oil from Jasmine flower was tentatively carried out using the supercritical CO2 technique. The effect of extraction parameters which include pressure (100–300 bar) and temperature (300–350 K) on the oil recovery was explored. The extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). At the SFE optimal conditions, the chemical compositions of the extracted oil were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The obtained result reflected that the optimal yield of oil from Jasmine flower was 12.18% mg oil extracted/100 g dry flower, which was achieved through an SFE optimal conditions of pressure at 200 bar and extraction temperature at 325 K. A total number of six chemical compounds were tentatively identified in the Jasmine flower extracted oil at the optimal SFE conditions

Yield Optimization and Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Jasmine Flower

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an innovation that permits extraction of an extensive variety of different chemical composition from the plant grids. Extraction of essential oil from Jasmine flower was tentatively carried out using the supercritical CO2 technique. The effect of extraction parameters which include pressure (100–300 bar) and temperature (300–350 K) on the oil recovery was explored. The extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). At the SFE optimal conditions, the chemical compositions of the extracted oil were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The obtained result reflected that the optimal yield of oil from Jasmine flower was 12.18% mg oil extracted/100 g dry flower, which was achieved through an SFE optimal conditions of pressure at 200 bar and extraction temperature at 325 K. A total number of six chemical compounds were tentatively identified in the Jasmine flower extracted oil at the optimal SFE conditions

Parameter study, antioxidant activities, morphological and functional characteristics in microwave extraction of medicinal oleoresins from black and white pepper

The study investigated the effects of extraction parameters on the yield, antioxidant activities, morphological and functional group characteristics of black and white pepper oleoresin extracts. Optimized oleoresin yields of 5.64 and 8.72 w/w% were obtained as black and white pepper extracts, respectively. Moreover, from the antioxidant assay, the concentration of black and white pepper extracts required to scavenge half of stable DPPH radicals were 94.92 and 107.57 µg/ml, respectively. From the complementary antioxidant assay; the concentration of black and white pepper extracts required to scavenge half of the stable ABTS free radicals were 82.36 and 94.71 µg/ml, respectively. This indicated that extracts from white pepper exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than the black pepper extracts. The results from the untargeted compositional GC-MS analysis identified a total of 23 and 31 bioactive compounds in black and white oleoresin extracts, respectively. This study, therefore, revealed the potential of microwave extraction in obtaining high-quality extracts