Extraction of Gallic Acid from Chromolaena sp. Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction

Chromolaena sp. is believed to have phytochemical components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, flavone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure was performed to extract the gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. UAE is known to be an environmentally green extraction method. This study was carried out with two different parameters which are sonication time and duty cycle. Phytochemical screening result showed the presence of phenolic compound when the dark-green colour of solution was observed. The best operating parameters to maximise the yield were as follows: sonication time of 80 minutes with yield of 3.006 mg/mL and duty cycle of 90% with yield of 3.764 mg/mL. The FT-IR result shows that presence of O-H and alkene group in the extraction samples. From the results, it can be concluded that UAE is an effective method to extract gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. The implication in this study was reducing the extraction time for the production of herbs medicine from natural resource

Impact of Photoperiod on the Carbon Metabolic Pathways of Chlorella Vulgaris for Biomass Production and Nutrient Removal in Treating Nutrient-Rich Wastewater

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris has been done in different photoperiod to study the effect of photoperiod cycles on the on the carbon metabolic pathways of the microalgae species in order to enhance its biomass and lipid productions. Autotrophic, heterotrophic and three different photoperiod cycles of mixotrophic growth mode were evaluated for its biomass growth, carbon and nutrient uptakes and lipid yield. The studied photoperiods for mixotrophic growth are 16:8, 12:12 and 8:16 h (light:dark hours). Heterotrophic condition produced much lower microalgal biomass and lipid yield compared to microalgae grown under autotrophic and mixotrophic condition. There is no significant difference in microalgal biomass yields observed under continuous illumination between 16:8 h, 12:12 h and 8:16 h photope�riods. All studied parameters showed a near complete removal of COD on the second day of cultivation. Higher nitrogen removal was observed at longer photoperiod condition

Lipid and protein from black soldier fly larvae fed with self- fermented coconut waste medium

This study explored the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in producing lipid and protein as well as its ability to treat the organic waste by rearing at different fermentation periods of coconut waste medium (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks). Growth rate of larvae was determined by studying the changes in the larvae biomass weight per rearing duration. The BSFL fed with 4 weeks of feed showed the highest growth rate and weight followed by week 6 and week 8. Week 4 attained the highest value for lipid (42.74 ± 2.06)% and week without fermentation had the lowest value of lipid (32.96 ± 1.99)%. Protein content obtained from the BSFL was increasing with fermentation period. The highest protein content was larvae fed with 8 weeks fermentation (18.63 ± 0.18)%. The lowest protein content was also larvae fed with without fermentation medium (10.81 ± 0.11)%. Waste reduction rate (WRR) was the highest when the larvae were fed with medium without fermentation that was (0.024 ± 0.001) g/d. The lowest WRR was when the larvae were fed with 8 week fermentation medium (0.015 ± 0.001) g/d. The highest Efficiency of Converted of Digested Food (ECD) value was found in sample of 4 week fermentation medium (0.093 ± 0.003). The lowest ECD value was found in the sample without fermentation (0.063 ± 0.002)

Characterization and kinetic studies of poly(Vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) polymer inclusion membrane for the malachite green extraction

Textile industry effluent contains a high amount of toxic colorants. These dyes are car-cinogenic and threats to the environment and living beings. In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) was used as the based polymer for PIMs with bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the carrier and plasticizer. The fabricated PIMs were employed to extract the cation dye (Malachite Green; MG) from the feeding phase. PIMs were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force micro-scope (AFM), contact angle, water uptake, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ions exchange capacity. The performance of the PIMs was investigated under various conditions such as percentage of carrier and initial dye concentration. With permeability and flux values of 0.1188 cm/min and 1.1913 mg cm/min, PIM produced with 18% w/w PVDF-co-HFP, 21% w/w B2EHP, 1% w/w DOP and 40% w/w THF and was able to achieve more than 97% of MG extraction. The experimental data were then fitted with a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, and the calculated R2 value was ~0.99. This shows that the data has a good fit with the PSO model. PIM is a potential alternative technology in textile industry effluent treatment; however, the right formulation is crucial for developing a highly efficient membrane

Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel

Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts

Optimal operating conditions of Eurycoma Longifolia extraction

Eurycoma longifolia is known locally as Tongkat Ali and it is sold as a spray dried product. Its extract has shown medicinal benefits and it is considered as a valued product in pharmaceutical industries. The extraction yield depends on the extraction process parameters such as extraction time, agitation speed, solid to solvent ratio, temperature, particle type and type of solvent. Optimum extraction was focussed on eurycomanone, benzoic acid and gallic acid as the product of interests. Batch extraction experiments were conducted to study the effect of operating parameters on the extraction yield. The optimization of experimental results was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). A mathematical model for estimating the extraction yield has been developed and compared to results obtained experimentally. Comparative studies showed that results by mathematical model had shown good agreement with that of experimental results for the effect of extraction time, agitation speed and temperature on the extraction yield. Optimization of the simulated model was performed using genetic algorithm (GA). The optimum operating conditions obtained from eurycomanone were 100 oC, solid to solvent ratio of 1:24.5, 45 minutes and 398 rpm whilst 94.6 oC, 45 minutes and 360 rpm were obtained from GA. Similar tests on benzoic acid have shown 58.2 oC, solid to solvent ratio of 1:20, 44.7 minutes and 390 rpm were obtained from RSM whilst 46.5oC, 41 minutes and 398 rpm were obtained from GA. Finally, the optimum operating conditions for gallic acid using RSM were 85.7 oC, solid to solvent ratio of 1:20, 45 minutes and 390 rpm whilst 78 oC, 45 minutes and 400 rpm were obtained using GA. Relative error studies showed that only slight difference were observed for both RSM and GA

Effect of extraction process parameters on the yield of bioactive compounds from the roots of eurycoma longifolia

The effects of extraction process parameters, i.e., extraction time (15-45 min), temperature (40-110°C), particle size (Tongkat Ali roots in chip and powder form), agitation speed (200-400 rpm) and solvent to solid ratio (10:1, 20:1 and 30:1) on the extraction yields from Eurycoma longifolia were investigated, focusing on eurycomanone, benzoic acid and gallic acid as the product of interests. The concentrations of these bioactive compounds were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained showed that the extraction yields increased with reduced particle size and increased of temperature, solvent to solid ratio and agitation speed. The optimum extraction temperature for maximizing yields of eurycomanone, benzoic acid and gallic acid were 100°C, 50°C and 80°C respectively. The highest yields were obtained when the process was run at 45 minutes, with a solvent to solid ratio of 20 to 1, agitation speed of 400 rpm and a smaller particle size (Tongkat Ali roots in powder form) was used. The results provided useful insights for making the process economically feasible and in particular, when the search of other bioactive components is to be continue

Strategy to enhance catalytic activity and stability of sol–gel oxidoreductases

Oxidoreductases are widely recognized for their capability to degrade phenolic pollutants and versatile. However, the lack of enzyme stability makes this technique unrealistic for industrial applications. In order to enhance their catalytic activity, stability and reusability, oxidoreductases namely laccases and peroxidases were entrapped in sol–gel silica and their catalytic activities were measured by an enzymatic assay using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and guaiacol as substrates, respectively. The sol–gel silica matrices acted as a polymeric framework around the enzyme is a promising tool for improving enzyme stability. After entrapment, the catalytic activity and stability of sol–gel laccase and peroxidase toward pH, temperature and storage duration remarkably enhanced

Systematic performance comparison of Fe3+/Fe0/peroxymonosulfate and Fe3+/Fe0/peroxydisulfate sys-tems for organics removal

[[abstract]]Activated zero-valent iron (Ac-ZVI) coupled with Fe3+ was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) for acid orange 7 (AO7) removal. Fe3+ was used to promote Fe2+ liberation from Ac-ZVI as an active species for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The factors affecting AO7 degradation, namely, the Ac-ZVI:Fe3+ ratio, PMS/PDS dosage, and pH, were compared. In both PMS and PDS systems, the AO7 degradation rate increased gradually with increasing Fe3+ concentration at fixed Ac-ZVI loading due to the Fe3+-promoted liberation of Fe2+ from Ac-ZVI. The AO7 degradation rate increased with increasing PMS/PDS dosage due to the greater amount of ROS generated. The degradation rate in the PDS system decreased while the degradation rate in the PMS system increased with increasing pH due to the difference in the PDS and PMS activation mechanisms. On the basis of the radical scavenging study, sulfate radical was identified as the dominant ROS in both systems. The physicochemical properties of pristine and used Ac-ZVI were characterized, indicating that the used Ac-ZVI had an increased BET specific surface area due to the formation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles during PMS/PDS activation. Nevertheless, both systems displayed good reusability and stability for at least three cycles, indicating that the systems are promising for pollutant removal.[[notice]]補正完

Extraction of Tannic Acid from Kenaf Bast Fibre using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

Tannic acid or tannin, type of phenolic compound contains in kenaf bast fibre. Conventional extraction has certain limitations in terms of time, energy, and solvent consumption. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) can extract bioactive components in shorter time, low temperature, with lesser energy and solvent requirement. UAE as alternative extraction technique is better equipped to retain the functionality of the bioactive compounds. In this study, the conditions for ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of tannic acid from kenaf bast fibre by assessing the effect of sonication time and different duty cycles were optimized. The use of ultrasound to extract tannic acid from kenaf bast fiber was evaluated. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was carried out using ethanol as solvent to intensify the extraction efficacy. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of tannic acid in extracts. The extracts then were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that 0.2429 mg/mL of tannic acid was obtained under the extraction conditions of extraction temperature of 40℃, sonication time of 20 minutes and duty cycle of 50%. From SEM analysis, it was found that the raw sample demonstrated rough surface and no porous but kenaf bast fibre display smoother surface with less impurities and few pores appeared after the extraction process using UAE. These results indicate that ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficient method for extracting tannic acid from kenaf bast fibre with the advantages of lower extraction time and higher extraction yield