Morpho-Physiological and Proteomic Analyses of <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> as a Bioremediator in Copper-Polluted Soil in Saudi Arabia

The present investigation aimed to assess the impact of copper (Cu) stress on the physiological and proteomic behavior of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. E. camaldulensis is likely a potential phytoremediator in areas vulnerable to Cu contamination, such as the industrial areas of Riyadh. To realize this objective, young seedlings of E. camaldulensis were potted in an open area with soil comprised of clay and sand. Different doses of Cu (30, 50, and 100 &#181;M) were applied to the plants as CuSO4&#183;5H2O for 6 weeks. Plant growth was monitored during the Cu exposure period, and morphological and physiological indicators were measured once a week to determine the growth rates. A proteomics study was also conducted to find out the influence of Cu stress on proteins. Our results showed that growth was negatively affected by Cu treatment, particularly at the highest concentrations. Moreover, using a proteomic analysis showed 26 targets involved in protein expression. Elevated levels of Cu increased the expression of 11 proteins and decreased the expression of 15 proteins. Changes were detected in proteins involved in photosynthesis, translation, transcription, metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes. Our findings provided insights into the molecular mechanisms related to Cu stress, in addition to its influence on the morphological and physiological attributes of E. camaldulensis seedlings. This investigation aimed to characterize the mechanism behind the impact of Cu stress on the plant

Elicitor-Mediated Response of Growth, Yield, and Quality of Kalmegh (<i>Andrographis paniculata</i> Wall. ex Nees, Family Acanthaceae)

With the objective of studying the influence of elicitors on the growth, yield, and quality of kalmegh, we carried out an investigation for two consecutive years. Nine treatments with three replications were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). Chitosan (CHT), yeast extract (YE), jasmone acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA)were evaluated at different concentrations. The CHT treatment at 1000 ppm exhibited the tallest plant height (73.91 cm) and the highest number of secondary branches (29.07) at the time of harvest. The primary branches and number of leaves per plant were highest with the CHT treatment at 1000 ppm (26.36; 88.32), and were not significantly different with the SA treatment at 200 ppm (26.28; 81.51). The plant spread was the highest with the SAtreatment at 200 ppm (35.46 cm2) and was not significantly different with the CHT treatment at 1000 ppm (35.11 cm2). The CHT and SA sprays did not result in significant changes in yield parameters, but the highest fresh (42.34 g) and dry (18.30) herbage yields per plant were exhibited with the SA treatment at 200 ppm. The highest total chlorophyll (4.459 mg g−1) and total andrographolide (3.494%) contents were recorded after treatment with the SA spray at 200 ppm. A significant and positive improvement in the growth, yield, and quality of kalmegh was noticed with the salicylic acid spray treatment at 200 ppm 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), signifying its benefits for the cultivation of kalmegh in terms of high productivity, quality, and better returns for farmers

Examining the role of AMF-Biochar in the regulation of spinach growth attributes, nutrients concentrations, and antioxidant enzymes in mitigating drought stress

Drought stress is one of the serious threats to crop production. It causes significant deterioration of crop growth and yield by inducing oxidative stress. The biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) can be an effective technique to overcome drought stress. Activated carbon biochar (BC) has the potential to improve soil water holding capacity while AMF inoculation can increase root surface area for better uptake of water. However, their combined application as an amendment against drought still needs scientific justification. That's why the current study was conducted using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach under no drought stress and drought stress. The treatments included i.e., 0, 0.25%, and 0.50%AMF-BC. The experiment was replicated thre times using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach shoot fresh weight (20.34%), shoot dry weight (21.23%), shoot length (3.37%), root fresh weight (16.10%), root dry weight (14.51%), and root length (38.03%) over control under drought stress. The 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll a (15.33%), chlorophyll b (30.17%), total chlorophyll (18.85%), photosynthetic rate (35.59%), transpiration rate (26.53%), stomatal conductance (13.97%) and internal CO2 concentration (37.15%) compared to control under drought stress. The improvement in N, P, and K concentration in root and shoot verified the efficacious functioning of 0.50%AMF-BC compared to control under drought stress. In conclusion, 0.50%AMF-BC is recommended for the mitigation of drought stress in spinach

Pollution Indexing and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy-Metals-Laden Indoor and Outdoor Dust in Elementary School Environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

The prevalence of potentially toxic heavy metals (HMs)-bearing dust in the environment is posing serious health risks to humans. Therefore, the occurrence of HMs in indoor and outdoor dust samples of elementary school&rsquo;s environment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were reported, and associated potential human health risks were estimated in this study. Dust samples were collected from outdoor and indoor environments from eighteen elementary schools using a soft plastic brush. The mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in collected indoor dust samples were much higher (0.08, 3.45, 59.20, 15.20, 4.99, and 94.10 mg kg&minus;1, respectively) than that of outdoor dust samples (0.07, 3.07, 42.20, 13.60, 4.57, and 62.40 mg kg&minus;1, respectively), due to fans operation, opened windows, and resuspension of dust by children&rsquo;s activities. The values of estimated enrichment factor revealed that both the outdoor and indoor dusts were moderately contaminated with Zn and Cu, while highly contaminated with Cd and Pb. However, the estimated potential ecological risks associated with HMs were lower. Health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) calculations exhibited no potential risks of HMs in the schools&rsquo; dust toward children. However, health risks for children were determined in the following order: up to 6 years &gt; 6&ndash;12 years &gt; adults. Therefore, assessing the potential health risks posed by HM-contaminated dust in school environments is necessary to avoid any possible children&rsquo;s health concerns

Mycorrhized wheat and bean plants tolerate bismuth contaminated soil via improved metal detoxification and antioxidant defense systems

Abstract: Contamination of agricultural fields with bismuth (Bi) reduces crop yield and quality. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth and crop production, even under stressful conditions such as soil contamination with heavy metals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of AMF on the mitigation of Bi-phytotoxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the physiological and biochemical basis for the growth and development of AMF-induced plants under Bi stress conditions. Wheat and bean were treated by Bi and AMF individually and in combination. Then the physiological and biochemical responses in the shoot and roots of the two crop species were studied. Evident retardations in plant growth and key photosynthesis-related parameters and accumulation of MDA, H2O2, as markers of oxidative stress, were observed in plants subjected to Bi. AMF colonization reduced the uptake and translocation of Bi in the plant organs by enhancing the exudation of polyphenols and organic acids into the rhizospheric soil. Mycorrhized wheat and bean plants were able to attenuate the effects of Bi by improving metal detoxification (phytochelatins, metallothionein, total glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase activity) and antioxidant defense systems (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and maintaining C assimilation and nutrient status. The current results suggest the manipulation of AMF as a powerful approach to alleviate the phytotoxicity of Bi in legumes and grasses

Photo-Catalytic Remediation of Pesticides in Wastewater Using UV/TiO2

One of the most serious environmental concerns worldwide is the consequences of industrial wastes and agricultural usage leading to pesticide residues in water. At present, a wide range of pesticides are used directly to control pests and diseases. However, environmental damage is expected even at their low concentration because they are sustained a long time in nature, which has a negative impact on human health. In this study, photolysis and photocatalysis of the pesticides dieldrin and deltamethrin were tested at two UV wavelengths (254 and 306 nm) and in different test media (distilled water, wastewater, and agricultural wastewater) to examine their ability to eliminate pesticides. TiO2 (0.001 g/10 mL) was used as a catalyst for each treatment. The purpose was to determine the influence of UV wavelength, exposure time, and catalyst addition on the pesticide decomposition processes in different water types. Water was loaded with the tested pesticides (2000 µg) for 12 h under UV irradiation, and the pesticide concentrations were measured at 2 h intervals after UV irradiation. The results showed a clear effect of UV light on the pesticides photodegradations that was both a wavelength- and time-dependent effect. Photolysis was more effective at λ = 306 nm than at λ = 254 nm. Furthermore, TiO2 addition (0.001 g/10 mL) increased the degradation at both tested wavelengths and hence could be considered a potential catalyst for both pesticide degradations. Deltamethrin was more sensitive to UV light than dieldrin under all conditions

Impact of Photolysis and TiO₂ on Pesticides Degradation in Wastewater

Pesticide residues are harmful to the environment and human and animal health even at low levels because of long-term bioaccumulation. In this study, photolysis was applied to treat three representative water samples: aqueous atrazine and dimethoate solutions as target pesticides, as well as wastewater and agriculture wastewater containing pesticide residue. It was performed using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at two wavelengths (254 and 306 nm) with exposure times ranging from 2 to 12 h in the presence and absence of a photocatalyst to identify the optimal degradation conditions. Extraction and analyzation process were performed by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) methods and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole detector (GC–MSMS/TQD), respectively. Photodegradation increased with an increase in exposure time and the TiO2 catalyst was beneficial for degradation. Both selected irradiation wavelengths were effective, although the wavelength of λ = 306 nm was the most efficient