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TCP Wake-Up: Reducing Keep-Alive Traffic in

Applications such as instant messaging and push email require long-lived connections between clients and servers. In the absence of other traffic, stateful firewalls and Network Address Translators (NATs) require “keep-alive ” messages to maintain state for such persistent connections. We present new measurements analyzing the energy consumption of these keep-alive messages on a mobile phone in 2G (GSM), 3G (WCDMA), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), and IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN networks. The measurements confirm earlier results showing that frequent keep-alive messages consume significant amounts of energy in 2G and 3G networks, but suggest they are not a significant problem in Wireless LANs. To reduce energy consumption, we introduce TCP Wake-Up, an extension to Mobile IPv4 and IPsec NAT traversal mechanisms. This extension significantly reduces the need for keep-alive messages, while still avoiding complexity of IP-over-TCP tunneling. Our measurements show that TCP Wake-Up can extend battery lifetime by a factor of 2 to 7 in 2G/3G networks. The results also suggest guidelines for developers of future protocols: in particular, we claim that “always-on ” applications that aim to be used in current 2G/3G networks cannot be solely based on UDP. Index Terms: energy consumption firewall

Status of This Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards " (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Mobile IPv6 enables a Mobile Node (MN) to maintain its connectivity to the Internet when moving from one Access Router to another, a process referred to as handover. During handover, there is a period during which the Mobile Node is unable to send or receive packets because of link switching delay and IP protocol operations. This "handover latency " resulting from standard Mobile IPv6 procedures, namely movement detection, new Care-of Address configuration, and Binding Update, is often unacceptable to real-time traffic such as Voice over IP (VoIP). Reducing the handover latency could b

Performance Analysis of Mobile

Abstract: The number of mobile computers is increasing at a phenomenal rate, and efficient support for mobility will make a decisive difference to the Internet's future performance. This, along with the growing importance of the Internet and the web indicates the need to pay attention to supporting mobility. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a protocol to deal with mobility for the next generation Internet (IPv6). However, the performance of MIPv6, especially in comparison with MIPv4, has not been extensively investigated yet. In this paper, we present an analysis of the Mobile IPv6 performance as the packets delay changes due to supporting mobility. We also introduce a comparison between Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6 in supporting mobility

� Cellular Networks

– multiple wireless hops – Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) � Challenges of wireless communications � IEEE 802.11 – spread spectrum and physical layer specification – MAC functional specification: DCF mode • role in WLANs – infrastructure networks • role in MANETs – MAC functional specification: PCF mod

Prediction Assisted Fast Handovers for

Abstract — Achieving seamless mobility is a major challenge for future wireless networks. Presently, low latency handover protocols such as FMIPv6 depend heavily on link-layer triggers to facilitate proactive handovers. Differences in link-layer technologies and the absence of a standardised trigger model makes it difficult to achieve fast vertical handovers in a multi-access environment. This paper introduces a prediction assisted fast handover protocol (PA-FMIP) that does not rely on pre-triggers. A data mining approach is used to implement the prediction algorithm based on the user’s mobility history between wireless subnets. The performance of the proposed handover scheme is compared to MIPv6, proactive FMIPv6, reactive FMIPv6 and Simultaneous Bindings. Simulation results show a 43% decrease in handover packet loss over reactive FMIPv6 and an improvement in TCP goodput. I

Status of This Memo

This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Mobile IPv6 enables a Mobile Node to maintain its connectivity to the Internet when moving from one Access Router to another, a process referred to as handover. During handover, there is a period during which the Mobile Node is unable to send or receive packets because of link switching delay and IP protocol operations. This "handover latency " resulting from standard Mobile IPv6 procedures, namely movement detection, new Care of Address configuration, and Binding Update, is often unacceptable to real-time traffic such as Voice ove

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards " (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved. Mobile IP, as originally specified, defines an authentication extension (the Mobile-Foreign Authentication extension) by which a mobile node can authenticate itself to a foreign agent. Unfortunately, this extension does not provide ironclad replay protection for the foreign agent, and does not allow for the use of existing techniques (such as CHAP) for authenticating portable computer devices. In this specification, we define extensions fo

Status of This Memo

This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Mobile IPv6 enables a Mobile Node to maintain its connectivity to the Internet when moving from one Access Router to another, a process referred to as handover. During handover, there is a period during which the Mobile Node is unable to send or receive packets because of link switching delay and IP protocol operations. This "handover latency " resulting from standard Mobile IPv6 procedures, namely movement detection, new Care of Address configuration, and Binding Update, is often unacceptable to real-time traffic such as Voice ove