The informal Economy as an engine for poverty reduction and development in Egypt

The purpose of this paper is handling the informal sector in Egypt and the role it can play in accelerating the development process and poverty reduction. The structure of the paper starts with an introduction, and then gives a definition of development and its objectives in order to give a comprehensive ground for what will be discussed under the informal sector section and poverty section, as at the end the paper links development, informal sector with poverty reduction. Furthermore, the paper discusses situation of the informal sector in Egypt and the role of government in issuing the laws that may pave the way for creating a more conducive business environment for the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which constitute the traditional form of informal enterprises. In addition, the paper explains formalization of informal economy, showing the pros and cons of both formal informal sectors, most importantly its shows a trade off between the formality and informality. The paper closes with providing a policy recommendations and finally conclusion.Informal Economy, Formalisation, Economic Development, Poverty

The Religious and Anthropological Perspectives of Development and Poverty

This paper examines the role of both religion and anthropology in development and accordingly reducing poverty. Within this introduction I intend to discuss the reason invited me to handle this problem. This reason is that I see both religion and anthropology can play a crucial role in the development process and accordingly lead to reducing poverty.Anthropology, Religion, Poverty, Development

Integrated control of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant and effects on associated weeds and crop yield; a field study

Integrated regimes were conducted during the season 2015-2016 at kafre Hakim village Giza Governorate. The aim was to evaluate the protective efficiency of combinations of different environment- friendly compounds; indole acetic acid (IAA), Furfural, urea as well as the herbicide pendimethalin to control root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant and associated annual broad leaf and annual grasses weeds, and their effects on crop production. Data revealed that all the tested treatments resulted in variable significant decrease in root knot nematode reproductive parameters, associated weeds and improvement in eggplant production. The tested parameters were; initial and final populations, number of galls, number of egg masses, fresh and dry weight of weeds after 120 days from planting and yield of eggplant. The authors recommend the use of the organic fertilizer urea for controlling the nematode M. incognita infecting eggplant and increase the crop yield. However, application of integrated protocols including, urea, IAA combined with the herbicide pendimethalin deserves consideration in the future tactics to maximize the efficiency of nematode control, associated weeds infestation and promoting the yield. Detailed data are presented in the text

Restoring Polyhyrdoxybutyrate (PHB) Depolymerase Expression in a Bald Mutant of Streptomyces sp. SFB5A

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable, plastic-like polymer produced by some bacteria and degraded by others. The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces sp. SFB5A degrades PHB for growth using an extracellular PHB depolymerase, encoded by the phaZ gene. A morphological mutant of this bacterium, bld4, cannot form aerial filaments and cannot produce PHB depolymerase, despite having the phaZ gene. The inability to synthesize PHB depolymerase may be due to a mutation in a gene encoding one of its transcriptional regulators. A gene (lrp) coding for a potential transcriptional regulator is located 2,700 base pairs upstream from phaZ. Our goal was to clone lrp from wild type Streptomyces sp. SFB5A into Escherichia coli and introduce it into bld4 to see if morphology and PHB depolymerase synthesis are restored

Masseter muscle gene expression in relation to various craniofacial deformities: a genotype-phenotype study

Craniofacial form is defined by a number of factors. A major contributor is the jaw musculature especially of the masseter muscle, as differences in transcription and translation of various genes have been documented from this tissue. Up to this point however, no reliable biological predictors of form have been identified. The aims of this study were therefore, to describe the transcriptome of the masseter muscle using microarray technology and to establish and correlate the expression levels of potential candidate and known “informative” genes in masseter muscle with selected clinical, radiographic and dental features of subjects with a variety of craniofacial morphologies. A total of 29 patients (18 deformity and 11 control) were selected from the orthodontic/orthognathic clinics at the Eastman Dental and Whipps Cross Hospitals, London, and Riyadh Military Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Microarray results indicated five “novel” genes not previously reported in relation to the masseter muscles of subjects with variable craniofacial morphologies. Two genes (KIAA1671 and DGCR6) were down-regulated in long face patients, one (SERGEF) was down-regulated in Class III patients and one (LOC730245) was up-regulated in Class II long faces and in all Class III subjects, compared to controls. Another gene (NDRG2) was down-regulated in Class II compared to Class III individuals. Subsequent quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR results strongly confirmed that the “novel” gene SERGEF was down-regulated in relation to the clinical, dental and radiographic features of subjects with Class III appearance. SERGEF gene had a positive relationship to the number of dental occlusal contacts and ANB angle. The “informative” gene MHC7 was strongly related to both vertical and horizontal facial deformities. These data suggest that the expression profiles of a number of genes can be analysed and used to make assessments as to their role in the primary aetiology and successful or unsuccessful treatment of patients with specific craniofacial morphologies

AURIS HEALTH, INC. V. INTUITIVE SURGICAL OPERATIONS: A NEW “RIGID RULE” FOR PATENT OBVIOUSNESS

AURIS HEALTH, INC. V. INTUITIVE SURGICAL OPERATIONS: A NEW “RIGID RULE” FOR PATENT OBVIOUSNESS Auris Health, Inc. v. Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc., 32 F.4th 1154 (Fed. Cir. 2022)

Comparative study on the integrated application of environmental friendly compounds and a chemical- nematicide in controlling root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower plants; a field study

A field study was set up at Kafre – Hakim village, Giza, Governorate, Egypt, to compare the protective value of applying environmental friendly compounds with a known chemical nematicide, oxamyl, for controlling the nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower cv. Sakha 53  and their effects on crop production and oil contents. These compounds were 1) furfural,a natural nematicide, 2) amino green 11, commercial formula of amino acids, 3) NPK, an inorganic fertilizer. Data revealed that all the tested treatments resulted in variable significant decrease in root knot disease incidence associated with improvement in crop yield except the plants treated with furfural plus amino green 11 that showed significant decrease in percentage of oil content. A significant decrease in shoot weight was observed by applying the combined treatment of furfural plus NPK. Moreover, oxamyl plus amino green 11 resulted in -12% reductions in shoot weight. From the present study it was concluded that better plant growth characters of sunflower e.g. shoot length, root weight, % oil content and reduction of the nematode root galls, egg masses and second stage larvae could be achieved by single rather than combined treatments. This is to avoid signs of phytotoxicity that might occur such as decreasing the oil content, an observation that needs further investigation

Trade and growth in the relation between China and Selected African countries

China’s economic engagement with African countries has been substantially increasing, since 2001. The trade has accelerated as never before, African countries’ exports to China increased dramatically from US$3.1 billion in 2001 to US$31.2 billion in 2007. The growth of China – African relations has increased interest in trade, because it involves crucial issues for the development of African. Consequently, this thesis is trying to assess to what extent does Chinese state- led drive for resources in Africa, especially Sub- Saharan countries affect the economic growth of these countries. The answer to this question is quantitatively assessed, showing that those countries which are highly involved in trade with China exhibit higher growth than those which are not involved, through using t-test and regression analysis. The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other or not and the regression analysis is used to show the relation between the trade and the economic growth. The results of the thesis imply that China has opened up new economic, political, diplomatic and strategic avenues for African states, yet it isn’t limited to the African leaders but it also down to Africans, both people in power and the man on the street to negotiate on their terms, identify priorities and leverage opportunities to further their own interests

A Study of the Effects of Democratic Coaching Procedures Upon Members of a High School Basketball Squad

The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain attitudinal and behavioral changes would occur among players as a result of participation in a season of varsity basketball in which they were democratically involved in decision making