The measurement of the viscosity coefficient of sea water

In an old study by Ruppin and Krummel (Krümmel, 1907: 281), the viscosity of sea water was measured by the method of Wil. Ostwald. However, at that time the data for the viscosity of sea water were given relative to that of pure water at 0° C. Since then several precise measurements (Dorsey, 1940: 182) have been made and reliable data obtained, and therefore it is necessary to determine more exact values for the viscosity of sea water

Japanese Class in Junior High School and Evaluation : Through the chapter bringing up Students' ability for reading text

The purpose of this research is to study the creation of Japanese language teaching bringing up students' zest for reading text, and to study how we evaluate students' learning. Especially, we study how we should evaluate students according to the National Curriculum Standards, and how we should use the evaluation in teaching how to read text. In this paper, we describe how we evaluate the ninth grade students' learning, and how we teach the seventh grade students and evaluate their learning

The Pathogenic Factors from Oral Streptococci for Systemic Diseases

The oral cavity is suggested as the reservoir of bacterial infection, and the oral and pharyngeal biofilms formed by oral bacterial flora, which is comprised of over 700 microbial species, have been found to be associated with systemic conditions. Almost all oral microorganisms are non-pathogenic opportunistic commensals to maintain oral health condition and defend against pathogenic microorganisms. However, oral Streptococci, the first microorganisms to colonize oral surfaces and the dominant microorganisms in the human mouth, has recently gained attention as the pathogens of various systemic diseases, such as infective endocarditis, purulent infections, brain hemorrhage, intestinal inflammation, and autoimmune diseases, as well as bacteremia. As pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, extracellular polymeric substances, toxins, proteins and nucleic acids as well as vesicles, which secrete these components outside of bacterial cells in biofilm, have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that the relevance of these pathogenic factors to systemic diseases and also vaccine candidates to protect infectious diseases caused by Streptococci. This review article focuses on the mechanistic links among pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, inflammation, and systemic diseases to provide the current understanding of oral biofilm infections based on biofilm and widespread systemic diseases

Potential Respiratory Pathogens in the Trachea and Nasal Mucosa of Intubated ICU Inpatients : Longitudinal Change and Relationship with Consciousness Level

本研究では，気管内挿管により人工呼吸管理を受けている患者のICU 入室後の鼻腔および気管内細菌の臨床検査データを解析し，その実態を把握するとともに，その経時的変化や意識レベルとの関連性を明らかにすることを目的とした．香川大学医学部附属病院ICU において，院内肺炎や市中肺炎の起炎菌として監視培養の対象としている『要注意菌』8 菌種について，気管内採痰および鼻腔スワブ中の検出状況を経時的に調べた．その結果，挿管初日の検査において32.7%の患者の気管内採痰に要注意菌が検出された．さらに，初日の検査で気管内に要注意菌が検出されなかった患者においても経時的に要注意菌の検出率が上昇することが明らかとなった．気管内で要注意菌が検出されるケースのほとんどで鼻腔内でも要注意菌が検出されることがわかった．また，患者の意識レベルと要注意菌の検出率の関連性を調べたところ，昏睡状態にある患者はそうでない患者に比べて，鼻腔内での要注意菌検出率が有意に高いことが明らかとなった（χ 2 検定；p<0.05）．気管内での肺炎原因菌の定着・増殖を阻止するには，口腔，咽頭，鼻腔に生息する細菌数を減らすことが重要と考えられる．これらのことから，意識障害が遷延化し挿管期間が長くなると見込まれる患者に対しては，より一層の徹底した鼻咽腔や口腔の衛生管理が必要であることが示唆された．また，挿管初日にある程度の細菌が気管内で検出されたことからも，挿管前の可能な限りの口腔ケアが肺炎リスクを減らすために重要であると考えられた．The aim of this study was to elucidate the longitudinal change of potential respiratory pathogens in the trachea and nasal mucosa of intubated intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients with neurological disorders. We focused on eight bacterial species designated “Bacteria requiring special attention” (SA), which are routinely under surveillance in the ICU of Kagawa University Hospital. Clinical data from bacterial testing of specimens from tracheal sputum or nasal mucosa swabs were analyzed. SA were detected in the trachea of 32.7% of patients on the first day of intubation. Furthermore, the detection rate of SA in the trachea increased over several days among patients in whom they were not detected on the first day. Most patients who were SA-positive in the trachea were also positive in the nasal mucosa. The rate of SA in the nasal mucosa of comatose patients was significantly higher than that in patients at other consciousness levels. It was suggested that thorough oral and/or nasal hygiene management is very important for comatose patients to reduce the risk of pneumonia

Pattern formation of reaction-diffusion system having self-determined flow in the amoeboid organism of Physarum plasmodium

The amoeboid organism, the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum, behaves on the basis of spatio-temporal pattern formation by local contraction-oscillators. This biological system can be regarded as a reaction-diffusion system which has spatial interaction by active flow of protoplasmic sol in the cell. Paying attention to the physiological evidence that the flow is determined by contraction pattern in the plasmodium, a reaction-diffusion system having self-determined flow arises. Such a coupling of reaction-diffusion-advection is a characteristic of the biological system, and is expected to relate with control mechanism of amoeboid behaviours. Hence, we have studied effects of the self-determined flow on pattern formation of simple reaction-diffusion systems. By weakly nonlinear analysis near a trivial solution, the envelope dynamics follows the complex Ginzburg-Landau type equation just after bifurcation occurs at finite wave number. The flow term affects the nonlinear term of the equation through the critical wave number squared. Contrary to this, wave number isn't explicitly effective with lack of flow or constant flow. Thus, spatial size of pattern is especially important for regulating pattern formation in the plasmodium. On the other hand, the flow term is negligible in the vicinity of bifurcation at infinitely small wave number, and therefore the pattern formation by simple reaction-diffusion will also hold. A physiological role of pattern formation as above is discussed.Comment: REVTeX, one column, 7 pages, no figur

The Creation of School Education Bringing up a Student Carrying Tomorrow (3) : The Valuation of "Compulsory Subjects", "Optional Subjects", and "Integrated Subjects"

The purpose of this study is to show the valuation of "Compulsory Subjects", "Optional Subjects", and "Integrated Subjects", to show the relationship between each subjects and "three abilities", "the ability of recognizing othere senses of value", "the ability of self-expression and communication" and "the ability of decision-making" which defined by the project members. The main result of this study is that we should make up the standards which teachers, students and parents recognize as important abilities

Japanese Class in Junior High School : Through the Chapter Bringing up Students' Ability for Communicating

The purpose of this research is to study the creation of Japanese language teaching bringing up students' ability of self-expression and communication. To make students have zest for communicating, we tried to motivate students to communicate. In this paper, we describe how we teach the seventh and ninth grade students