22 research outputs found
Aceruloplasminemia: A Severe Neurodegenerative Disorder Deserving an Early Diagnosis
Aceruloplasminemia (ACP) is a rare, adult-onset, autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by systemic iron overload due to mutations in the Ceruloplasmin gene (CP), which in turn lead to absence or strong reduction of CP activity. CP is a ferroxidase that plays a key role in iron export from various cells, especially in the brain, where it maintains the appropriate iron homeostasis with neuroprotective effects. Brain iron accumulation makes ACP unique among systemic iron overload syndromes, e.g., various types of genetic hemochromatosis. The main clinical features of fully expressed ACP include diabetes, retinopathy, liver disease, and progressive neurological symptoms reflecting iron deposition in target organs. However, biochemical signs of the disease, namely a mild anemia mimicking iron deficiency anemia because of microcytosis and low transferrin saturation, but with "paradoxical" hyperferritinemia, usually precedes the onset of clinical symptoms of many years and sometimes decades. Prompt diagnosis and therapy are crucial to prevent neurological complications of the disease, as they are usually irreversible once established. In this mini-review we discuss some major issues about this rare disorder, pointing out the early clues to the right diagnosis, instrumental to reduce significant disability burden of affected patients
Astrocytes in Aceruloplasminemia
In neurons, iron plays an important role in the signal transduction related to synaptic plasticity. The neuronal iron supply is tightly controlled and depends not only on transferrin-bound iron but also on non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI). Ceruloplasmin is bound to the cell membranes of astrocytes, where it plays a role in iron efflux from astrocytes due to the activity of ferroxidase, which oxidizes ferrous iron after its transfer to the cell surface via ferroportin, and which delivers ferric iron to extracellular transferrin, which is transported to neurons. Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder in which iron accumulates in the brain due to the complete lack of ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity. Redox-active iron accumulation was found to be more prominent in astrocytes than in neurons. Neurons take up iron from alternative sources of NTBI because astrocytes without ceruloplasmin cannot transport iron to transferrin. Neuronal cell loss may result from iron starvation in the early stage of aceruloplasminemia and may result from iron-mediated oxidation in the late stage of the condition. The excess iron in astrocytes can result in oxidative damage to these cells, thereby disrupting the neuronal cell protection offered by astrocytes in patients with aceruloplasminemia
Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization
Dissertation to obtain a Master Degree in Molecular Genetics and Biomedicine at Faculty of Sciences and Technology,Universidade Nova de LisboaHuman ceruloplasmin (hCp) is the molecular linker between the copper and iron metabolism
and its importance in the homeostasis of human body has been implied in some neurological diseases.
This plasma cuproenzyme has ferroxidase activity, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ and incorporating it into apotransferrin. hCp also has aminoxidase activity regulating the levels of amine stress hormones in the bloodstream and brain. Thus, it is thought to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. To know more about the role of cerulopalsmin on the oxidation of neurotransmitters and on brain homeostasis it is essential to know which protein residues are implied in the binding and stabilization of these neurotransmitters. The primary source
of structural information for protein-ligand complexes is X-ray crystallography. This is the most successful method to determine macromolecular 3D structures but has some limitations as obtaining good diffracting protein crystals.
In this study several attempts were made to achieve better hCp diffracting crystals and crystals of hcp in complex with dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine or serotonin in order to further determine its tridimensional structure.
To improve hCp stabilization and solubility, differential scanning fluorimetry and dynamic
light scattering were used in a search for a better buffer for crystallization. For hCp crystallization the vapour-diffusion technique was used in combination with several other methods. Commercial
crystallization screens, crystal seeding, additives, crosslinking were the several methods used to improve crystal diffraction.
Co-crystallization of hCp with neurotransmitters was performed with no success. Soaking of hCp crystals with the neurotransmitters was performed in an attempt to get crystals of the hCpneurotransmitter complexes. All crystals were sent for analysis at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and structural data will be further processed
Diabetes mellitus associated genetic syndromes
La diabetes mellitus se reconoce como conjunto de trastornos heterogĂ©neos que tiene como elemento comĂşn la hiperglucemia persistente. Aunque las formas más frecuentes de diabetes mellitus (DM), las tipo 1 y 2, son poligĂ©nicas, cada vez conocemos más formas monogĂ©nicas, cuya prevalencia se estima en 2-5 % de todos los pacientes con diabetes. Las formas monogĂ©nicas se puede clasificar en no SindrĂłmicas y SindrĂłmicas. Hay más de 80 diferentes sĂndromes genĂ©ticos asociados con intolerancia a la glucosa y en algunos casos con diabetes clĂnica. Estos sĂndromes nos han enseñado que las mutaciones en muchos loci diferentes pueden producir alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa. Los podemos agrupar en SĂndromes asociados con la degeneraciĂłn pancreática, Diabetes neonatal sin alteraciĂłn pancreática, Errores innatos del metabolismo asociados a DM, Enfermedades neuromusculares asociadas a DM, SĂndromes de envejecimiento asociados a DM, Enfermedades Mitocondriales con DM, SĂndromes genĂ©ticos con lipodistrofia asociados a DM, y otros. El objetivo de esta revisiĂłn es describir el mayor nĂşmero posible de estos sĂndromes genĂ©ticos asociados a DM, para favorecer su reconocimiento, puesto que muchos presentan una serie de repercusiones relacionadas con el diagnĂłstico, complicaciones, tratamiento y pronĂłstico. Igualmente esto posibilitará el manejo especĂfico de cada caso y el asesoramiento dirigido para los pacientes que presentan DM asociada a un espectro amplio de anomalĂas.ArtĂculo de revisiĂłn60-77Diabetes is recognized as a heterogeneous group of disorders presenting hperglycemia and glucose intolerance as common elements. Although the most common forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and 2 are polygenic, there are also many different types of monogenic forms; the prevalence of these monogenic forms is estimated at 2-5% of all patients with diabetes. These types of diabetes can be divided into syndromic and non-syndromic. There are over 80 different genetic syndromes associated with glucose intolerance, and in some patients with clinical diabetes. From these syndromes we learn that mutations at many different loci can cause glucose intolerance. They can be grouped in syndromes associated with pancreatic degeneration, neonatal diabetes without pancreatic disorder, innate errors of metabolism associated with DM, neuromuscular diseases associated with DM, Syndromes of aging associated with DM, Mitochondrial Diseases associated with DM, Genetic syndromes with lipodystrophy associated with DM and Others. The objective of this review is to describe many of these genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, to help the clinician to recognize them, given that they present differential characteristics, complications, therapeutical implications and different prognosis related with the diagnosis. This identification will also allow a directed management for each case and the advice for patients who have DM associated with a wide spectrum of abnormalities
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in Human Cancer: An Overview
Cancer is a disease caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in two types of genes: tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and proto-oncogenes. Extensive research has been conducted over the last few decades to elucidate the role of TSGs in cancer development. In cancer, loss of TSG function occurs via the deletion or inactivation of two alleles, according to Knudson’s two-hit model hypothesis. It has become clear that mutations in TSGs are recessive at the level of an individual cell; therefore, a single mutation in a TSG is not sufficient to cause carcinogenesis. However, many studies have identified candidate TSGs that do not conform with this standard definition, including genes inactivated by epigenetic silencing rather than by deletion. In addition, proteasomal degradation by ubiquitination, abnormal cellular localization, and transcriptional regulation are also involved in the inactivation of TSGs. This review incorporates these novel additional mechanisms of TSG inactivation into the existing two-hit model and proposes a revised multiple-hit model that will enable the identification of novel TSGs that can be used as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of cancer
Experimental and Clinical Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Rupture of Saccular Intracranial Aneurysms
The Special Issue “Experimental and Clinical Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after the Rupture of Saccular Intracranial Aneurysms” provides an excellent insight into the many facets of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It includes three original papers, three reviews, two case reports and one technical note. This book represents a compilation of important clinical and preclinical papers by innovative researchers that enhance our understanding of subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms
Rôle potentiel de la céruloplasmine dans le développement du cerveau
Le fonctionnement du cerveau nécessite une organisation finement régulée des neurones. Cette organisation s'établit durant le développement et dépend de mécanismes tels que la neurogénèse, la neuromigration et la synaptogénèse. Ces mécanismes mettent à contribution plusieurs molécules, dont des facteurs de croissance, des protéases, des molécules d'adhésion cellulaire et de guidage ainsi que des composantes de la matrice extracellulaire. Une défaillance de ces mécanismes peut entraîner le développement de désordres neurologiques tels que la schizophrénie, l'épilepsie et le retard mental. La céruloplasmine (CP) pourrait être comptée parmi les molécules susceptibles de contribuer au développement du cerveau. La CP, une protéine à cuivre de 132 kDa (K), possède une activité ferroxydasique qui en fait un régulateur majeur du métabolisme du fer dans l'organisme. Elle est sécrétée dans la circulation par le foie. On la retrouve aussi dans le cerveau, sous une forme ancrée à la surface de cellules gliales par un groupement glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Des travaux publiés par les équipes des Drs Paquin et Mateescu ont montré que la CP peut induire l'agrégation de neurones nouvellement différenciés de cellules souches embryonnaires murines P19. Cette nouvelle action de la CP soulève l'hypothèse d'un rôle de cette protéine dans le développement du système nerveux, possiblement dans l'organisation spatiale des neurones. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'investiguer les mécanismes de l'action agrégative de la CP sur les neurones P19 et une pertinence physiologique de la CP dans le développement. Pour guider notre travail, nous avons envisagé que la neuroagrégation pouvait avoir des mécanismes communs avec la migration neuronale qui se produit lors du développement et nous avons ainsi considéré deux types de protéines ayant un rôle dans ce processus : les protéases à sérine extracellulaires et la reeline. Des protéases à sérine ont en effet été rapportées comme modulateurs de la migration neuronale et la reeline a un rôle essentiel dans cette migration ainsi que dans le bon positionnement final des neurones. La reeline existe sous la forme du polypeptide pleine longueur de 400K et sous la forme de fragments de 300K et de 180K portant la terminaison NH2 native. Le profil d'expression et le rôle de ces fragments durant le développement ainsi que les mécanismes responsables de leur formation sont peu connus. La reeline se lie à ses récepteurs ApoER2 et VLDLr, ce qui stimule la phosphorylation de la protéine intracellulaire Dab-1 et, plus distalement, la phosphorylation de la cofiline, une protéine régulatrice de l'assemblage des filaments d'actine. D'autre part, l'AMPc et les kinases ERK.1/2 activées par des mitogènes sont des molécules signalisatrices capables de moduler la morphologie et la motilité cellulaires. Les résultats du premier volet de la recherche montrent que le traitement des neurones avec la CP non seulement induit leur agrégation mais stimule aussi la formation du fragment 300K de la reeline. La formation de ce fragment est postérieure à l'agrégation. L'ajout des inhibiteurs de protéases SBTI et aprotinine abolit l'agrégation des neurones et la formation de la reeline 300K, indiquant qu'une ou des protéases à sérine extracellulaires sont impliquées dans ces actions de la CP. Globalement, les résultats suggèrent deux modèles de relation entre la neuroagrégation et la génération de la reeline 300K : un modèle dans lequel la génération de la reeline 300K est une conséquence de la neuroagrégation et un modèle dans lequel les deux phénomènes sont indépendants l'un de l'autre. Comme indiqué plus bas, les études du troisième volet de la recherche favorisent le dernier modèle. Dans le deuxième volet, nous avons voulu déterminer si l'action de la CP sur la reeline dans des cultures de neurones naissants P19 pouvait exister in vivo. Nous avons comparé, par immunobuvardage, les profils d'expression ontogéniques de la CP, la reeline et la cofiline et ce, dans des cerveaux de souris de type sauvage et de souris déficientes en CP (CP-/-). Chez les souris de type sauvage, la CP est détectée dès le jour embryonnaire 12.5, ses niveaux augmentent jusqu'à la naissance et demeurent soutenus jusqu'à l'âge adulte. L'expression globale de la reeline suit à peu près celle de la CP mais les niveaux du fragment 300K sont plus élevés durant la période embryonnaire qu'après la naissance. La cofiline est fortement phosphorylée au cours de la première semaine postnatale. Par comparaison, chez les souris CP-/-, la reeline 300K est peu détectée avant la naissance et la déphosphorylation postnatale de la cofiline survient plus tôt. La CP a donc un impact sur l'expression de la reeline et de la cofiline durant le développement du cerveau. L'expression accrue de la reeline 300K dans les cerveaux embryonnaires de type sauvage par rapport aux cerveaux déficients en CP valide les résultats obtenus avec les neurones P19. Enfin, les études du troisième volet de la recherche, basées sur l'utilisation d'agents pharmacologiques, ont montré que l'action agrégative de la CP et l'influence de la protéine sur la reeline peuvent se produire indépendamment l'une de l'autre. Ainsi, l'AMPc a inhibé l'action neuroagrégative de la CP sans empêcher la génération de la reeline 300K et des inhibiteurs de la signalisation d'ERK1/2 ont diminué le taux de formation de la reeline 300K sans affecter la neuroagrégation. En conclusion, l'ensemble des résultats obtenus ex vivo et in vivo appuie l'hypothèse d'un rôle possible de la CP dans le développement du système nerveux. La définition de ce rôle demande des investigations supplémentaires.\ud
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MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Céruloplasmine, Reeline, Protéases à sérine, Cofiline, AMPc, PKA, ERK, Neurones P19, Développement du système nerveux, Immunobuvardag
Studying the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on murine models of allergic asthma
Exposure to pollution and active or passive smoking have been associated with a worsened asthma severity and a reduced response to treatment. These poorly controlled asthmatics are responsible for the majority of the economic burden of the disease but how pollution and/or cigarette smoke (CS) impacts on the disease is not well understood.
The aim of this thesis was to develop a murine model of allergic asthma where CS exposure results in a change in model phenotype and the sensitivity of the response to pharmacological intervention.
Two preclinical models of allergic asthma were utilised: the ovalbumin (OVA) model which had previously been established in-house, and the house dust mite (HDM) model which I developed in this thesis. As topical HDM exposure is known to cause innate inflammation I developed an allergic model where HDM challenge resulted in inflammation only in the mice which had been previously sensitised to HDM. The allergic inflammation in this model was accompanied by allergic airway hyper responsiveness, however the LAR was not observed in this model.
CS exposure did not have a dramatic impact on the cellular inflammation in either the OVA- or the HDM-driven model, nor did it impact upon the anti-inflammatory effects of oral steroid treatment with the exception of the addition of a steroid-insensitive neutrophil population. However CS exposure attenuated the AHR observed in the OVA and the HDM models. Finally cigarette smoke exposure not only enhanced the OVA-induced LAR but also rendered this response completely insensitive to oral steroid treatment. Further investigation into the effects of CS in these two models may provide clues as to the mechanisms behind the effect of smoking on asthma in the clinic. The CS-enhanced LAR model could be invaluable in understanding the clinical phenotype of treatment resistance in smoking asthmatics.Open Acces