Quantum effects for the neutrino mixing matrix in the democratic-type model

We investigate the quantum effects for the democratic-type neutrino mass matrix given at the right-handed neutrino mass scale $m_R$ in order to see (i) whether $\theta_{23}=-\pi/4$ predicted by the model is stable to explain the atmospheric neutrino anomaly, (ii) how $\theta_{12}$ and $\theta_{13}$ behave, and (iii) whether the predicted Dirac CP phase $\delta$ keeps maximal size, at the weak scale $m_Z$. We find that, for the (inversely) hierarchical mass spectrum with $m_1\sim m_2$, $\theta_{23}$ and $\theta_{13}$ are stable, while $\theta_{12}$ is not so, which leads to the possibility that the solar neutrino mixing angle can become large at $m_Z$ even if it is taken small at $m_R$. We also show that $\delta$ keeps almost maximal for the above mass spectrum, and our model can give the large CP violation effect in the future neutrino oscillation experiments if the solar neutrino puzzle is explained by the large mixing angle MSW solution.Comment: LaTeX, 21 pages, 2 figures, some mistakes correcte

Does time preference affect smoking behavior? A dynamic panel analysis

* Revised：The association between time preference and smoking behavior: A dynamic panel analysis [16-16, 2016

Remarks on overestimating the effects of inhomogeneities on the Hubble constant

The Hubble constant is one of the most important parameters in cosmology. Discrepancies in values of the Hubble constant estimated from various measurements, the so-called Hubble tension, are a serious problem. In this paper, we study the effects of small-scale inhomogeneities of structure formation on the measurement of the Hubble constant using the luminosity distance-redshift relation. By adopting the adhesion model in Newtonian cosmology as the model of structure formation, we investigate whether or not the effects of inhomogeneities can be sufficiently large to affect the current observations of the Hubble constant. We show that inappropriate treatment of the effects of inhomogeneities can cause a large deviation of the measured value of the Hubble constant from the background value, whose magnitude is comparable with the Hubble tension. Our main message is the importance of adopting an appropriate model of structure formation to investigate the effects of inhomogeneities. We also add discussion on the spatial averaging approach used to estimate the measured Hubble constant in the inhomogeneous universe.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figure