Carrier Relaxation Dynamics in Graphene

Graphene, the two-dimensional lattice of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, has a great potential for future electronics, in particular for opto-electronic devices. The carrier relaxation dynamics, which is of key importance for such applications, is in the main focus of this thesis. Besides a short introduction into the most prominent material properties of graphene and the experimental techniques, this thesis is divided into three main parts. The investigation of the carrier relaxation dynamics in the absence of a magnetic field is presented in Chapter 3. In the first experiment, the anisotropy of the carrier excitation and relaxation in momentum space was investigated by pump-probe measurements in the near-infrared range. While this anisotropy was not considered in all previous experiments, our measurements with a temporal resolution of less than 50 fs revealed the polarization dependence of the carrier excitation and the subsequent relaxation. About 150 fs after the electrons are excited, the carrier distribution in momentum space gets isotropic, caused by electron-phonon scattering. In a second set of two-color pump-probe experiments, the temperature of the hot carrier distribution, which was obtained within the duration of the pump pulse (about 200 fs), could be estimated. Furthermore, a change in sign of the pump-probe signal can be used as an indicator for the Fermi energy of different graphene layers. Pump-probe experiments in the far-infrared range in reflection and transmission geometry were performed at high pump power. A strong saturation of the pump-induced transmission was found in previous experiments, which was attributed to the pump-induced change in absorption. Our investigation shows the strong influence of pump-induced reflection at long wavelengths, as well as a lot smaller influence of the saturation of the pump-induced change in absorption. At a high pump power, the increase of the reflection exceeds the change in absorption strongly, which leads to negative pump-probe signals in transmission geometry. In Chapter 4, investigations of the carrier dynamics of graphene in magnetic fields of up to 7T are presented. Even though the optical properties of Landau-quantized graphene are very interesting, the carrier dynamics were nearly unexplored. A low photon energy of 14meV allows the investigation of the intraband Landau-level (LL) transitions. These experiments revealed two main findings: Firstly, the Landau quantization strongly suppresses the carrier relaxation via optical-phonon scattering, resulting in an increased relaxation time. Secondly, a change in sign of the pump-probe signal can be observed when the magnetic field is varied. This change in sign indicates a hot carrier distribution shortly after the pump pulse, which means that carrier-carrier scattering remains very strong in magnetic fields. In a second set of pump-probe measurements, carried out at a photon energy of 75meV, the relaxation dynamics of interband LL transitions was investigated. In particular, experiments on the two energetically degenerate LL transitions LL(−1)->LL(0) and LL(0)->LL(1) showed the influence of extremely strong Auger processes. An ultrafast and extremely broadband terahertz detector, based on a graphene flake, is presented in the last chapter of this thesis. To couple the radiation efficiently to the small flake, the inner part of a logarithmic periodic antenna is connected to it. With a rise time of about 50 ps in a wavelength range of 9 μm to 500 μm, this detector is very interesting to obtain the temporal overlap in two-color pump-probe experiments with the free-electron laser FELBE. Furthermore, the importance of the substrate material, in particular for the high-speed performance, is discussed

Variable-temperature lightwave-driven scanning tunneling microscope with a compact, turn-key terahertz source

We report on a lightwave-driven scanning tunneling microscope based on a home-built microscope and a compact, commercial, and cost-effective terahertz-generation unit with a repetition rate of 100 MHz. The measurements are performed in ultrahigh vacuum at temperatures between 10 K and 300 K. The cross-correlation of the pump and probe pulses indicate a temporal resolution on the order of a picosecond. In terms of spatial resolution, CO molecules, step edges and atomically resolved terraces are readily observed in terahertz images, with sometimes better contrast than in the topographic and (DC) current channels. The utilization of a compact, turn-key terahertz-generation system requires only limited experience with optics and terahertz generation, which may facilitate the deployment of the technique to further research groups

Role of Transient Reflection in Graphene Nonlinear Infrared Optics

International audienceUnderstanding the optical response of graphene at terahertz frequencies is of critical importance for designing graphene-based devices that operate in this frequency range. Here we present a tera-hertz pump-probe measurement that simultaneously measures both the transmitted and reflected probe radiation from multilayer epitaxial graphene, allowing for an unambiguous determination of the pump-induced absorption change in the graphene layers. The photon energy in the experiment (30 meV) is on the order of the doping level in the graphene which enables the exploration of the transition from interband to intraband processes, depending on the amount of pump-induced heating. Our findings establish the presence of a large, photoinduced reflection that contributes to the change in sign of the relative transmitted terahertz radiation, which can be purely positive or predominantly negative depending on the pump fluence, while the change in absorption is found negative at all fluences. We develop a straightforward theory that confirms the sign reversible nature of the relative transmitted terahertz radiation through the graphene multilayer and determine that this behavior originates from either an absorption-bleached or reflection-dominated regime. The theoretical results are incorporated into a model utilizing an energy balance equation that reproduces the measured pump-probe data. These findings, which extend to mid-and far infrared frequencies, illuminate the importance of considering reflection in graphene-light interactions and have implications for the design of future terahertz photonic components

Anisotropy of excitation and relaxation of photogenerated Dirac electrons in graphene

We investigate the polarization dependence of the carrier excitation and relaxation in epitaxial multilayer graphene. Degenerate pump-probe experiments with a temporal resolution of 30 fs are performed for different rotation angles of the pump-pulse polarization with respect to the polarization of the probe pulse. A pronounced dependence of the pump-induced transmission on this angle is found. It reflects a strong anisotropy of the pump-induced occupation of photogenerated carriers in momentum space even though the band structure is isotropic. Within 150 fs after excitation an isotropic carrier distribution is established. Our observations imply the predominant role of collinear scattering preserving the initially optically generated anisotropy in the carrier distribution. The experiments are well described by microscopic time-, momentum, and angle-resolved modelling, which allows us to unambiguously identify non-collinear carrier-phonon scattering to be the main relaxation mechanism giving rise to an isotropic distribution in the first hundred fs after optical excitation.Comment: Submitted to Nano Letter

Carrier dynamics in Landau-quantized graphene featuring strong Auger scattering

International audienceThe energy spectrum of common two-dimensional electron gases consists of a harmonic, i.e. equidistant ladder of Landau levels, thus preventing the possibility to optically address individual transitions. In graphene, however, due to its non-harmonic spectrum, individual levels can be addressed selectively. We report here the first time-resolved experiment directly pumping discrete Landau levels in graphene. Energetically degenerate Landau-level transitions from n =-1 to n = 0 and from n = 0 to n = 1 are distinguished by applying circularly polarized THz light. In agreement with our experimental results, an analysis based on microscopic theory shows that the zeroth Landau level is actually depleted by strong Auger scattering, even though it is optically pumped at the same time. Such a phenomenon has never been observed before in any system to our knowledge. The surprisingly strong electron-electron interaction responsible for this effect is directly evidenced through a sign reversal of the pump-probe signal