Factors Affecting the Decision to Advance: A Study of Women in Law Enforcement

The subject of women in law enforcement is fast becoming a topic of great interest and concern as many law enforcement executives are faced with the problem of promoting women police officers. Women are entering law enforcement in record numbers, however, women filling promotional positions has barely increased over the last 20 years. Law enforcement executives are trying to address the reasons why law enforcement agencies can either retain women nor find women interested in advancing to executive levels. Women police officers share their perceptions and opinions about what directly affects them, personally and professionally, in their law enforcement careers giving insight into what may influence their decisions to advance. A survey was administered to the attendees of the 1999 Conference for the National Center for Women and Policing (N.C.W.P.), Orlando, Florida. The survey focused on demographic information and specific questions addressing why (or why not) women pursue advancement. The women indicated the primary reasons to seek promotion, not to seek promotion, and the primary factors which would figure prominently in resignation. Respondents were asked to comment on women seeking promotions, the difficulty of women being promoted in their agency, and what reason would figure prominently if they were to resign. The results of the study were analyzed and compared to the results of the I.A.C.P. survey. The comparison of results proves interesting, especially since the responses were from diametrically opposite sample populations and perspectives. The results of both studies, on key issues, were nearly identical. Women do wish to advance in their law enforcement careers. Although most women seek advancement, a large percentage believe promotion for women is difficult. The difficulty is attributed both to gender bias issues and the small number of women who seek promotion. Primary reasons which influence women\u27s decision to advance, not advance, or resign from law enforcement are identified. These factors, when compared to the I.A.C.P. study, are recognized by law enforcement executives, thereby corroborating the difficult experiences expressed by women. The focus of this study was to identify the factors which influence women\u27s decisions to advance. What the study actually did was confirm what women experience and what law enforcement agencies deal with are a similar reality for both

Significant life experiences of naturalists

This research study addressed a current topic of interest in the environmental education community: How can people of non-European origin be recruited into the field of outdoor and environmental education

Honoring the Victims: How the Change in Ethics Ruined Science in the Third Reich and What to Do With the Remaining Medical Data

This paper analyzes both sides of the debate over using the Nazi medical data and brings forth one possible compromise. While using the data can provide the scientific community information that can be beneficial for society—and thus salvaging some good out of the evil—are the survivors’ sentiments on the subject truly being heard? The idea that the victims are once again being abused by using the information without their consent is not a matter to be taken lightly. On the other hand, if the data is valuable, it can be detrimental to scientific experimentation to deny access or destroy the data. Though one side of the argument may not get full control over the fate of the medical data, there are possible compromises that might satisfy both sides of the debate. One compromise is to combine the idea of crediting the victims and memorializing the data. So long as the credit is only given to the victims to honor them, even unethically-obtained data can prove prosperous and necessary despite its origins. Likewise, the dignity that was stolen from them must be returned in some form, thus giving the victims the power to tell their personal stories is crucial. To diminish the importance of the survivors’ personal narratives runs the risk that once the overall population begins to forget about the atrocities, the scientific community over time may feel it is no longer necessary to mention the victims. When it comes to unethical human experimentation, it is essential for the victims to be remembered always

Exploring Building Energy Use Modeling

OBJECTIVE: The project objective was to analyze and test building energy use modeling software programs to find a quick and easy to use tool that can be implemented in the early stages of design. A list of programs was developed and narrowed down based on criteria important to architects in early design stages. Programs were tested and rated using a weighted criteria formula. Recommendations for capabilities and user interface of future energy modeling programs were made. This research is aimed at creating a methodology that makes it easier to analyze new energy modeling tools as they are developed in the coming years.https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/research_based_design/1079/thumbnail.jp

Extensive Genomic Diversity among Bovine-Adapted Staphylococcus aureus: Evidence for a Genomic Rearrangement within CC97

peer-reviewedStaphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen associated with both human and veterinary disease and is a common cause of bovine mastitis. Genomic heterogeneity exists between S. aureus strains and has been implicated in the adaptation of specific strains to colonise particular mammalian hosts. Knowledge of the factors required for host specificity and virulence is important for understanding the pathogenesis and management of S. aureus mastitis. In this study, a panel of mastitis-associated S. aureus isolates (n = 126) was tested for resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis. Over half of the isolates (52%) demonstrated resistance to penicillin and ampicillin but all were susceptible to the other antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were further examined for their clonal diversity by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). In total, 18 different sequence types (STs) were identified and eBURST analysis demonstrated that the majority of isolates grouped into clonal complexes CC97, CC151 or sequence type (ST) 136. Analysis of the role of recombination events in determining S. aureus population structure determined that ST diversification through nucleotide substitutions were more likely to be due to recombination compared to point mutation, with regions of the genome possibly acting as recombination hotspots. DNA microarray analysis revealed a large number of differences amongst S. aureus STs in their variable genome content, including genes associated with capsule and biofilm formation and adhesion factors. Finally, evidence for a genomic arrangement was observed within isolates from CC97 with the ST71-like subgroup showing evidence of an IS431 insertion element having replaced approximately 30 kb of DNA including the ica operon and histidine biosynthesis genes, resulting in histidine auxotrophy. This genomic rearrangement may be responsible for the diversification of ST71 into an emerging bovine adapted subgroup

Bilingual educational language policies in context: A multidimensional examination of California’s bilingual teaching authorization

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. 2019. Major: Education, Curriculum and Instruction. Advisor: Kendall King. 1 computer file (PDF); 252 pages.This study examines ideologies of language and orientations to bilingual education in California. Specifically, this study examines how three bilingually authorized first- and second-year teachers in one bilingual Oakland elementary school experienced professional development, and how that professional development connected, in multiple dimensions, to California’s bilingual authorization policy. The findings of this study are fivefold. The first finding is that the state of California’s legislative bodies and Commission on Teacher Credentialing promote an orientation toward bilingual education that does not match the visions of the bilingual teachers at the Oakland school, the English Language Learners and Multilingual Achievement office in Oakland Unified School District, nor subtle voices visible in California’s bilingual authorization program standards. The language-as-problematic resource orientation produced by the State is problematic. Any promotion of languages other than English in bilingual education as less “academic” than English, or as secondary in priority to English, devalues these languages, their speakers, and the teachers who teach in them. Early-career teachers in this study interpreted this unequal valuation with varying degrees of discomfort, from outspoken resistance to self-minimization. The second finding, that Oakland Unified’s model of distributed leadership may contribute to uneven and inequitable outcomes of teacher support, highlights the importance of professional development of teacher educators in bilingual settings. When left on his own to decide what he thought would be useful professional development, Olmeda’s monolingual (in English) instructional coach drew upon his own contextual understandings to plan and conduct professional development sessions. This context did not match the needs of teachers, specifically those who taught in Spanish. The third finding, that early-career teachers can access professional development and grow through it when they are able to work within their individual zones of proximal development, is not surprising. However, what is visible in this study is how the structures of California’s teacher induction requirement interrupted professional growth due to rigid timing and perceptions of English as the only language usable during induction. Connected to this third finding is the fourth, that when professional development tasks are viewed as interruptions to “real” professional growth – in other words, as hoops through which to jump – they also may position the requirers of development, i.e. the District or the State, as forces to oppose. This oppositional positioning runs counter to collaboration paramount to successful growth in a classroom, coaching, or other teaching and learning environment. Finally, the fifth finding, that English became the default language and English Learners became the default “struggling learners” during a BTSA induction project – even though the language of instruction was Spanish – connects directly back to the first finding’s hierarchizing of English in bilingual education. In this manner, I show how, to use Levinson et al.’s (2009) terminology, the State, via its orientation to bilingualism and biliteracy in education, defines reality, orders behavior, and allocates resources in ways that promote inequality. Important discussion topics around the importance of “critical consciousness” (Cervantes-Soon et al., 2017) in bilingual education arise from these findings

Autophagy in the Eye: Implications for Ocular Cell Health

Autophagy, a catabolic process by which a cell eats itself, turning over its own cellular constituents, plays a key role in cellular homeostasis. In an effort to maintain normal cellular function, autophagy is often up-regulated in response to environmental stresses and excessive organelle damage to facilitate aggregated protein removal. In the eye, virtually all cell types from those comprising the cornea in the front of the eye to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) providing a protective barrier for the retina at the back of the eye, rely on one or more aspects of autophagy to maintain structure and/or normal physiological function. In the lens autophagy plays a critical role in lens fiber cell maturation and the formation of the organelle free zone. Numerous studies delineating the role of Atg5, Vsp34 as well as FYCO1 in maintenance of lens transparency are discussed. Corneal endothelial dystrophies are also characterized as having elevated levels of autophagic proteins. Therefore, novel modulators of autophagy such as lithium and melatonin are proposed as new therapeutic strategies for this group of dystrophies. In addition, we summarize how corneal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) infection subverts the cornea\u27s response to infection by inhibiting the normal autophagic response. Using glaucoma models we analyze the relative contribution of autophagy to cell death and cell survival. The cytoprotective role of autophagy is further discussed in an analysis of photoreceptor cell heath and function. We focus our analysis on the current understanding of autophagy in photoreceptor and RPE health, specifically on the diverse role of autophagy in rods and cones as well as its protective role in light induced degeneration. Lastly, in the RPE we highlight hybrid phagocytosis-autophagy pathways. This comprehensive review allows us to speculate on how alterations in various stages of autophagy contribute to glaucoma and retinal degenerations. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Downhole logging as a paeoceanographic tool on ocean drilling program leg 138: Interface between high-resolution stratigraphy and regional syntheses

On Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 138, standard shipboard procedures were modified to allow for the real-time monitoring of several laboratory core-scanning systems that provide centimeter-scale measurements of saturated bulk density, magnetic susceptibility and digital color reflectance. These continuous, high-resolution data sets were used to ensure the proper offset of multiple holes and to splice together complete sedimentary sections. Typically, the spliced, continuousediment sections were found to be about 10% longer than the section drilled, as measured by the length of the drill string. While the source of this elongation is not yet fully understood, it must be compensated for in order to property determine sediment fluxes and mass accumulation rates. Downhole logging, in conjunction with inverse correlation techniques provided a means to determine where the distortion occurred and to correct back to true in sire depths. Downhole logging also provides a means, through the generation of synthetic seismograms, of precisely relating the paleoceanographic events found in the core record to the high-resolution seismic record. Once correlated to the seismic record, the spatial and temporal extent of paleoceanographic events can be traced well beyond the borehole. Most seismic events in the equatorial Pacific are related to rapid changes in carbonate contenthat, in turn, are related to both productivity events (often expressed as monospecific laminated diatom oozes) and times of enhanced dissolution. While many of these events may have oceanwide extent, others, like the absence of carbonate in the late-Miocene to Recent in the Guatemala Basin have been shown to be regional and confined to only the deeper portions of the Guatemala Basin. As we identify and trace specific paleoceanographic events in the seismic record, we can begin to explore the response of the ocean through gradients of latitude, productivity, and depth

Downhole Logging as a Paeoceanographic Tool on Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138: Interface Between High-Resolution Stratigraphy and Regional Syntheses

On Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 138, standard shipboard procedures were modified to allow for the real-time monitoring of several laboratory core-scanning systems that provide centimeter-scale measurements of saturated bulk density, magnetic susceptibility and digital color reflectance. These continuous, high-resolution data sets were used to ensure the proper offset of multiple holes and to splice together complete sedimentary sections. Typically, the spliced, continuous sediment sections were found to be about 10% longer than the section drilled, as measured by the length of the drill string. While the source of this elongation is not yet fully understood, it must be compensated for in order to property determine sediment fluxes and mass accumulation rates. Downhole logging, in conjunction with inverse correlation techniques provided a means to determine where the distortion occurred and to correct back to true in situ depths. Downhole logging also provides a means, through the generation of synthetic seismograms, of precisely relating the paleoceanographic events found in the core record to the high-resolution seismic record. Once correlated to the seismic record, the spatial and temporal extent of paleoceanographic events can be traced well beyond the borehole. Most seismic events in the equatorial Pacific are related to rapid changes in carbonate content that, in turn, are related to both productivity events (often expressed as monospecific laminated diatom oozes) and times of enhanced dissolution. While many of these events may have oceanwide extent, others, like the absence of carbonate in the late-Miocene to Recent in the Guatemala Basin have been shown to be regional and confined to only the deeper portions of the Guatemala Basin. As we identify and trace specific paleoceanographic events in the seismic record, we can begin to explore the response of the ocean through gradients of latitude, productivity, and depth