NUTRITION OF LAMBS AND ACID-BASE BALANCE

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi acidobaznu ravnotežu 20 janjadi cigaja pasmine u sisajućem razdoblju. Janjad je bila prosječne dobi 65. dana i prosječne tjelesne mase 22,88 kg. Osim sisanja majki, janjad je konzumirala sijeno lucerne i krmnu smjesu te stočnu sol (po volji). U krvi janjadi utvrđeni su pH vrijednost, plinovi (pCO2, pO2, tCO2), elektroliti (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-), bikarbonati (HCO3-) i saturacija kisikom (O2 sat) te izračunati anion gap i SID (razlika jakih iona). Acidobazna ravnoteža u krvi sisajuće janjadi ukazuje na zadovoljavajuću hranidbenu opskrbu janjadi s hranjivim tvarima. Iako se može reći da su utvrđene vrijednosti pH krvi bile na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što je povezano s višim koncentracijama Cl u krvi janjadi. Razlog ovome može biti ponuđena stočna sol janjadi po volji, a samim time i mogućnost više razine Cl u obroku. Većina pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže krvi janjadi pokazuje manja odstupanja u odnosu na referentne vrijednosti, što može biti utjecaj dobi. Praćenje pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže krvi janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju daje jasniju sliku hranidbene opskrbe janjadi i ukazuje na kvalitetu obroka.The aim of this study was to determine the acid-base balance of 20 lambs Tsigai breed in suckling period. Lambs were an average age of 65 days and average weight 22.88 kg. Apart from suckling their mothers, lambs consumed the alfalfa hay, animal feed mixture and animal salt (ad libitum). In the blood of lambs were determined pH value, gases (pCO2, pO2, tCO2), electrolytes (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and oxygen saturation (O2 sat) as well as calculated anion gap and SID (strong ion difference). Acid-base balance in the blood of suckling lambs indicates satisfactory nutritional supply of lambs with nutrients. Although one can say that the determined values of pH levels were at the lower limit of reference values, which are associated with higher concentrations of Cl in the blood of lambs. The reason for this may be offered animal salt to lambs at libitum, and thus the possibility of higher levels of Cl in the diet. Most of the indicators acid-base balance of blood lambs showed small deviations from the reference value, which may be the influence of age. Monitoring indicators of blood acid-base balance in lambs suckling period, provides a clearer picture of nutrient supply and lambs indicates the quality of meals

MONITORING NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF LAMBS IN ORGANIC BREEDING

Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na hranidbeni status janjadi cigaja pasmine u porastu (n = 20) iz ekološkog uzgoja. Janjad je sisala i imala smjesu žitarica i sijeno lucerne po volji, dok je tijekom tova hranjena navedenom smjesom i sijenom lucerne po volji. Janjad je vagana po porodu i u prosječnoj dobi od 40 dana te u razdoblju tova (70. dana), kada su uzete i druge eksterijerne odlike i krv. Proizvodna svojstva i eksterijerne odlike janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju i tovu su zadovoljavajući, iako su s obzirom na genetski potencijal proizvodni rezultati mogli biti i bolji, osobito u razdoblju sisanja. Koncentracije Fe u krvi janjadi bile su na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što ukazuje na manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Na bogatstvo obroka energijom ukazuju koncentracije glukoze u krvi koje su bile na gornjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti te koncentracije hormona štitaste žlijezde i triglicerida u krvi janjadi. Koncentracije ureje i albumina u krvi janjadi ukazuju na nedostatnu opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost enzima i sadržaj hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi janjadi nisu pokazali bitne promjene u usporedbi s referentnim vrijednostima za odbijenu janjad. Sve ovo ukazuje na probleme u hranidbi ovaca iz ekološkog uzgoja s obzirom da je porast sisajuće janjadi uvelike ovisan o hranidbi majki-ovaca. Zbog toga se utvrđivanje metaboličkog profila krvi i indeksa tjelesne kondicije, uz utvrđivanje proizvodnih pokazatelja, može uzeti kao pouzdan kriterij u praćenju hranidbenog statusa janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju.The aim of this study was to indicate the nutritional status of growing Tsigay breed lambs (n = 20) in organic breeding. Lambs suckled and had a mixture of grains and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during fattening were fed mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum. Lambs were weighed at birth as well as at the average age of 40 days and in the fattening period (70 days), when and other exterior characteristics and blood were taken. Production traits and exterior characteristics of lambs in suckling and fattening period were satisfactory, although according to genetic potential production results of lambs could have been better, especially in the suckling period. Concentration of Fe in the blood of lambs was at the lower limit of reference values, indicating a lack of this element in feed. Rich meal energy is indicates by the concentration of glucose in the blood that was at the upper limit reference values and concentrations of thyroid hormones and triglycerides in the blood of lambs. Concentration of urea and albumin in the blood of fattening lambs indicated on inadequate supply of protein. Enzyme activity and haematological parameters in blood of lambs did not show significant changes compared with the reference values of weaned lambs. All this points to the problems in feeding sheep in organic breeding because the growth of suckled lambs largely dependents on nutrition sheep-mothers. Therefore, determining the blood metabolic profile and body condition scores, with the establishment of production traits, can be taken as reliable indicators in monitoring the nutritional status of lambs in organic breeding

MONITORING NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF LAMBS IN ORGANIC BREEDING

Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na hranidbeni status janjadi cigaja pasmine u porastu (n = 20) iz ekološkog uzgoja. Janjad je sisala i imala smjesu žitarica i sijeno lucerne po volji, dok je tijekom tova hranjena navedenom smjesom i sijenom lucerne po volji. Janjad je vagana po porodu i u prosječnoj dobi od 40 dana te u razdoblju tova (70. dana), kada su uzete i druge eksterijerne odlike i krv. Proizvodna svojstva i eksterijerne odlike janjadi u sisajućem razdoblju i tovu su zadovoljavajući, iako su s obzirom na genetski potencijal proizvodni rezultati mogli biti i bolji, osobito u razdoblju sisanja. Koncentracije Fe u krvi janjadi bile su na donjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti, što ukazuje na manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Na bogatstvo obroka energijom ukazuju koncentracije glukoze u krvi koje su bile na gornjoj granici referentnih vrijednosti te koncentracije hormona štitaste žlijezde i triglicerida u krvi janjadi. Koncentracije ureje i albumina u krvi janjadi ukazuju na nedostatnu opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost enzima i sadržaj hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi janjadi nisu pokazali bitne promjene u usporedbi s referentnim vrijednostima za odbijenu janjad. Sve ovo ukazuje na probleme u hranidbi ovaca iz ekološkog uzgoja s obzirom da je porast sisajuće janjadi uvelike ovisan o hranidbi majki-ovaca. Zbog toga se utvrđivanje metaboličkog profila krvi i indeksa tjelesne kondicije, uz utvrđivanje proizvodnih pokazatelja, može uzeti kao pouzdan kriterij u praćenju hranidbenog statusa janjadi u ekološkom uzgoju.The aim of this study was to indicate the nutritional status of growing Tsigay breed lambs (n = 20) in organic breeding. Lambs suckled and had a mixture of grains and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during fattening were fed mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum. Lambs were weighed at birth as well as at the average age of 40 days and in the fattening period (70 days), when and other exterior characteristics and blood were taken. Production traits and exterior characteristics of lambs in suckling and fattening period were satisfactory, although according to genetic potential production results of lambs could have been better, especially in the suckling period. Concentration of Fe in the blood of lambs was at the lower limit of reference values, indicating a lack of this element in feed. Rich meal energy is indicates by the concentration of glucose in the blood that was at the upper limit reference values and concentrations of thyroid hormones and triglycerides in the blood of lambs. Concentration of urea and albumin in the blood of fattening lambs indicated on inadequate supply of protein. Enzyme activity and haematological parameters in blood of lambs did not show significant changes compared with the reference values of weaned lambs. All this points to the problems in feeding sheep in organic breeding because the growth of suckled lambs largely dependents on nutrition sheep-mothers. Therefore, determining the blood metabolic profile and body condition scores, with the establishment of production traits, can be taken as reliable indicators in monitoring the nutritional status of lambs in organic breeding

BLOOD ACID-BASE BALANCE AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PREGNANT GOATS FROM ORGANIC FARMING

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi acidobaznu ravnotežu i vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi visoko gravidnih koza iz ekološkog uzgoja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 koza pasmine alpina na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu. Koze su bile u visokom stadiju graviditeta (zadnja 4 tjedna), u dobi od 4 godine i u trećem graviditetu. Hranidba koza bila je smjesom žitarica (50% kukuruz i 50% ječam) i livadnim sijenom po volji. Analizom krvi određeni su sljedeći parametri:pH krvi, plinovi (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) i elektroliti (Na+, K+, Cl- i HCO3-). Od hematoloških pokazatelja krvi utvrđeni su broj leukocita i eritrocita te sadržaj hemoglobina, hematokrita, srednji volumen eritrocita (MCV), prosječan sadržaj hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCH) i srednja koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCHC). Krvni razmazi su pripremljeni i obojeni po Pappenheimu te je utvrđena diferencijalna krvna slika. Izračunati su anionski procjep (AG), razlika jakih iona (SID) i z vrijednost. Uspoređujući dobivene pokazatelje acidobazne ravnoteže u krvi visokogravidnih koza s referentnim vrijednostima utvrđene su slične vrijednosti većine pokazatelja. Analizom dobivenih hematoloških pokazatelja u gravidnih koza vidljiva su manja odstupanja od referentnih vrijednosti i to viši broj leukocita, MCV i segmentiranih neutrofila, a manji sadržaj hemoglobina te broj eozinofila i monocita. Navedeno ukazuje na manje promjene analiziranih pokazatelja krvi koza u kasnom graviditetu.The aim of this paper is to determine the blood acid-base balance and hematological parameters of high by pregnant goats from organic farming. The research was conducted on 10 Alpine breed goats on are organic family farm. Goats were in a late stage of pregnancy (the last 4 weeks), aged 4 years and in the third pregnancy. Feed a goats were fed with a mixture of cereals (50% corn and 50% barley) and meadow hay ad ibitum. By analyzing the blood pH, gas (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) and electrolytes concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl-and HCO3-) were determined. The number of leukocytes and erythrocytes as well as hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (MCH) and the mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHC) were determined. Blood smears were prepared and colored according to Pappenheim and the differential blood count was determined. In addition, the anion gap (AG), strong ion difference (SID) and Z value were calculated. Comparing the obtained parameters of acidbase balance in blood of pregnant goats with reference values similar values of most indicators were determined. Analyzing obtained hematological indicators in pregnant goats minor deviation from the reference value, a higher number of WBC, MCV, and segmented neutrophils were apparent, as well as lower hemoglobin content and number of eosinophils and monocytes. This suggests minor changes in goat blood analysed parameters caused by late pregnancy

BLOOD METABOLIC PROFILE OF TSIGAI SHEEP IN ORGANIC PRODUCTION

Istraživanje metaboličkog profila krvi provedeno je na 15 negravidnih ovaca, cigaja pasmine, u ekološkoj proizvodnji. Koncentracije većine minerala (Ca, P-anorganski, K, Na i Cl) u krvi ukazuju na dobru opskrbljenost ovaca mineralima. Jedino su koncentracije Fe u krvi ovaca (19,10 μmol/L) bile ispod referentnih vrijednosti za ovce, a razlog je vjerojatno manjak ovoga elementa u hrani. Sadržaj glukoze (3,86 mmol/l), kolesterola (1,59 mmol/L) i triglicerida (0,17 mmol/L) u krvnom serumu ovaca ukazuju na zadovoljavajuću opskrbu energijom, a sadržaj ureje (9,80 mmol/l), ukupnih bjelančevina (74,97 g/L) i kreatinina (88,40 μmol/L) na dobru opskrbu bjelančevinama. Aktivnost većine praćenih enzima i koncentracije hematoloških pokazatelja kretala se u granicama referentnih vrijednosti za ovce. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazuju da bi obroke ovaca u ekološkoj proizvodnji trebalo obvezno analizirati i uravnotežiti te da se utvrđivanjem metaboličkog profila krvi mogu pravovremeno izbjeći veći proizvodni gubitci uzrokovani neodgovarajućom hranidbom tijekom dužeg vremenskog razdoblja.The investigation on blood metabolic profile was made on 15 nongravid Tsigai sheep in organic production. Concentrations of most mineral (Ca, P-inorganic, K, Na and Cl) in the sheep blood showed adequate mineral supply. Only Fe concentration in the blood of sheep (19.10μmol/L) was below the reference value for the sheep, and the reason was probably lack of this element in food. The average concentrations of blood glucose (3.86 mmol/L), cholesterol (1.59 mmol/L) and triglyceride (0.17 mmol/L) in the sheep confirmed sufficient energy supply. Concentration of urea (9.80 mmol/L), total proteins (74.97 g/L) and creatinine (88.40 μmol/L) in the blood of sheep showed adequate protein supply. Blood enzymes activities and concentrations of hematological indicators ranged within physiological limits for sheep. Research results indicate that meals of sheep in organic production should be analyzed and balanced. The establishment blood metabolic profile higher production losses caused by inadequate nutrition during a prolonged period of time could be avoided

BLOOD ACID-BASE BALANCE AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PREGNANT GOATS FROM ORGANIC FARMING

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi acidobaznu ravnotežu i vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja u krvi visoko gravidnih koza iz ekološkog uzgoja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 10 koza pasmine alpina na ekološkom obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu. Koze su bile u visokom stadiju graviditeta (zadnja 4 tjedna), u dobi od 4 godine i u trećem graviditetu. Hranidba koza bila je smjesom žitarica (50% kukuruz i 50% ječam) i livadnim sijenom po volji. Analizom krvi određeni su sljedeći parametri:pH krvi, plinovi (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) i elektroliti (Na+, K+, Cl- i HCO3-). Od hematoloških pokazatelja krvi utvrđeni su broj leukocita i eritrocita te sadržaj hemoglobina, hematokrita, srednji volumen eritrocita (MCV), prosječan sadržaj hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCH) i srednja koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima (MCHC). Krvni razmazi su pripremljeni i obojeni po Pappenheimu te je utvrđena diferencijalna krvna slika. Izračunati su anionski procjep (AG), razlika jakih iona (SID) i z vrijednost. Uspoređujući dobivene pokazatelje acidobazne ravnoteže u krvi visokogravidnih koza s referentnim vrijednostima utvrđene su slične vrijednosti većine pokazatelja. Analizom dobivenih hematoloških pokazatelja u gravidnih koza vidljiva su manja odstupanja od referentnih vrijednosti i to viši broj leukocita, MCV i segmentiranih neutrofila, a manji sadržaj hemoglobina te broj eozinofila i monocita. Navedeno ukazuje na manje promjene analiziranih pokazatelja krvi koza u kasnom graviditetu.The aim of this paper is to determine the blood acid-base balance and hematological parameters of high by pregnant goats from organic farming. The research was conducted on 10 Alpine breed goats on are organic family farm. Goats were in a late stage of pregnancy (the last 4 weeks), aged 4 years and in the third pregnancy. Feed a goats were fed with a mixture of cereals (50% corn and 50% barley) and meadow hay ad ibitum. By analyzing the blood pH, gas (pCO2, pO2, tCO2) and electrolytes concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl-and HCO3-) were determined. The number of leukocytes and erythrocytes as well as hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (MCH) and the mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHC) were determined. Blood smears were prepared and colored according to Pappenheim and the differential blood count was determined. In addition, the anion gap (AG), strong ion difference (SID) and Z value were calculated. Comparing the obtained parameters of acidbase balance in blood of pregnant goats with reference values similar values of most indicators were determined. Analyzing obtained hematological indicators in pregnant goats minor deviation from the reference value, a higher number of WBC, MCV, and segmented neutrophils were apparent, as well as lower hemoglobin content and number of eosinophils and monocytes. This suggests minor changes in goat blood analysed parameters caused by late pregnancy