PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN SELECTED ECO COUNTRIES

The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an inter-governmental organization comprising Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and several countries of the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The agricultural sector has remained a major contributor to the national economies of the ECO member countries. According to FAO estimates, in 2002 agriculture generated 25.2 percent of GDP and employed 42 percent of the economically-active population in the ECO region. Livestock production in the ECO countries is predominately based on traditional systems. The amount of livestock products in ECO was about 6,000,000 metric tons (Mt) during the study period. Most of this production belonged to Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, but most red meat, skins and honey is produced by CIS countries. This paper looks at the performance of livestock production and export of Iran and CIS countries within the ECO region and examines the comparative advantage indices for these countries. The data from 1992-2002 is supplied by the FAO (2004). Changes in Iran's production and export structure were compared with CIS producers. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to identify the comparative advantage of Iranian livestock production and export in comparison with CIS countries; (2) to discuss the reasons for changes in comparative advantage over time. The research results show that past trade and production policies, and the economic behavior of producers and exporters, have been such that they could manage neither appropriate and timely responses to world demand, nor proper adaptation to market niches.Comparative advantage indices, livestock production and export, Iran, CIS countries, ECO region

Iran’s poultry meat export status in the Middle East region

Agriculture is literally a matter of life and death in the developing world. Ninety-six per cent of the world’s farmers – approximately 1.3 billion people – live in developing countries. In the rural areas of the developing world, close to 900 million people live on less than $1 a day.The Doha mandate encouraged the hope that dumping of subsidised exports from rich countries would finally be brought to an end, that market access for developing countries would be improved,and that developing countries would continue to be permitted to use tariffs and other border measures as part of their rural development strategies. In the Middle East,agriculture is the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product and foreign exchange,and is the second largest employer.Yet despite its economic importance it is largely overlooked in the development of new technologies and in the allocation of trained human resources. Agriculture in the Middle East focuses on new ways to improve food production, the challenges of a largely arid land, and managing limited agricultural resources.Agriculture is one of the oldest income sources in Iran. Close to one-third of the working population are engaged in agriculture and related industries such as poultry farming.Agriculture plays a significant role in the Iranian economy. At now agriculture account for an average of 27.8 percent of the GDP, and employ 26.1 percent of the labor force.Also agricultural products account for 47 percent of non-oil exports.Poultry species play important roles in the livelihood of human beings throughout the world both in ways that are quantifiable economically and in others that cannot and are therefore not captured in economic indices such as national GDP estimates.Poultry meat contribute directly to food security because there are no taboos against their consumption.With regard to F.A.O annual reports(2004) ,Iran has been rated 1st producer and also 1st exporter of poultry meat in the Middle East region. Capital stock in this industry consists of Breeding Farms (lines) ,Grand Parents(GP), Parent stock (PS), Broilers, Slaughter-Houses and dependant industries of governmental and private sectors is 4000 Billions Rials (5 Billions$). The current production is related to 70% of production units potential ,so with regard to remained considerable potential,it is necessary to make of them in an optimum rate. Therefore poultry products exports particularly poultry meat can be used for increasing of income and development for poultry industry. The objective of this paper was to study the dynamics on comparative advantage of Iran’s poultry meat export in the Middle East market.Poultry meat,export,Revealed comparative advantage,iran,middle east

PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN SELECTED ECO COUNTRIES

The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an inter-governmental organization comprising Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and several countries of the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The agricultural sector has remained a major contributor to the national economies of the ECO member countries. According to FAO estimates, in 2002 agriculture generated 25.2 percent of GDP and employed 42 percent of the economically-active population in the ECO region. Livestock production in the ECO countries is predominately based on traditional systems. The amount of livestock products in ECO was about 6,000,000 metric tons (Mt) during the study period. Most of this production belonged to Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, but most red meat, skins and honey is produced by CIS countries. This paper looks at the performance of livestock production and export of Iran and CIS countries within the ECO region and examines the comparative advantage indices for these countries. The data from 1992-2002 is supplied by the FAO (2004). Changes in Iran's production and export structure were compared with CIS producers. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to identify the comparative advantage of Iranian livestock production and export in comparison with CIS countries; (2) to discuss the reasons for changes in comparative advantage over time. The research results show that past trade and production policies, and the economic behavior of producers and exporters, have been such that they could manage neither appropriate and timely responses to world demand, nor proper adaptation to market niches

PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN SELECTED ECO COUNTRIES

The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an inter-governmental organization comprising Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and several countries of the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The agricultural sector has remained a major contributor to the national economies of the ECO member countries. According to FAO estimates, in 2002 agriculture generated 25.2 percent of GDP and employed 42 percent of the economically-active population in the ECO region. Livestock production in the ECO countries is predominately based on traditional systems. The amount of livestock products in ECO was about 6,000,000 metric tons (Mt) during the study period. Most of this production belonged to Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, but most red meat, skins and honey is produced by CIS countries. This paper looks at the performance of livestock production and export of Iran and CIS countries within the ECO region and examines the comparative advantage indices for these countries. The data from 1992-2002 is supplied by the FAO (2004). Changes in Iran's production and export structure were compared with CIS producers. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to identify the comparative advantage of Iranian livestock production and export in comparison with CIS countries; (2) to discuss the reasons for changes in comparative advantage over time. The research results show that past trade and production policies, and the economic behavior of producers and exporters, have been such that they could manage neither appropriate and timely responses to world demand, nor proper adaptation to market niches

Resistance Training improves Nerve Conduction and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults with Diabetic Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Diabetes is the main cause of peripheral neuropathy where older patients are at increased risk of diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) due to age-related nerve degeneration and vascular changes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on nerve conduction, measures of neuropathy and arterial stiffness in older patients with DSPN. In a randomized controlled trial, thirty-four older adults with type-2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were enrolled and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group carried out circuit resistance training (1-3 rounds, 11 exercises, 10-15 reps, 50-60 of 1RM, 3 times per week) for 12 weeks. Measurements were performed at baseline and 48 h after the intervention. Measures of DSPN including Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI), Michigan diabetic neuropathy score (MDNS), motor nerve action potential amplitude (APA), sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) improved following intervention (p<0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.034, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). Sensory APA did not change after the intervention (p = 0.139). Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) improved in the experimental group compared with the control group (p = 0.014 and p = 0.033, respectively). In addition, HbA1C decreased following the 12-week resistance training program (p=0.002). Older adults with DSPN respond positively to resistance training by improved neuropathy symptoms, nerve conduction, arterial stiffness and glucose regulation. Resistance training offers a positive intervention that can abate the progression of DSPN in older adults

Iran’s poultry meat export status in the Middle East region

Agriculture is literally a matter of life and death in the developing world. Ninety-six per cent of the world’s farmers – approximately 1.3 billion people – live in developing countries. In the rural areas of the developing world, close to 900 million people live on less than $1 a day.The Doha mandate encouraged the hope that dumping of subsidised exports from rich countries would finally be brought to an end, that market access for developing countries would be improved,and that developing countries would continue to be permitted to use tariffs and other border measures as part of their rural development strategies. In the Middle East,agriculture is the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product and foreign exchange,and is the second largest employer.Yet despite its economic importance it is largely overlooked in the development of new technologies and in the allocation of trained human resources. Agriculture in the Middle East focuses on new ways to improve food production, the challenges of a largely arid land, and managing limited agricultural resources.Agriculture is one of the oldest income sources in Iran. Close to one-third of the working population are engaged in agriculture and related industries such as poultry farming.Agriculture plays a significant role in the Iranian economy. At now agriculture account for an average of 27.8 percent of the GDP, and employ 26.1 percent of the labor force.Also agricultural products account for 47 percent of non-oil exports.Poultry species play important roles in the livelihood of human beings throughout the world both in ways that are quantifiable economically and in others that cannot and are therefore not captured in economic indices such as national GDP estimates.Poultry meat contribute directly to food security because there are no taboos against their consumption.With regard to F.A.O annual reports(2004) ,Iran has been rated 1st producer and also 1st exporter of poultry meat in the Middle East region. Capital stock in this industry consists of Breeding Farms (lines) ,Grand Parents(GP), Parent stock (PS), Broilers, Slaughter-Houses and dependant industries of governmental and private sectors is 4000 Billions Rials (5 Billions$). The current production is related to 70% of production units potential ,so with regard to remained considerable potential,it is necessary to make of them in an optimum rate. Therefore poultry products exports particularly poultry meat can be used for increasing of income and development for poultry industry. The objective of this paper was to study the dynamics on comparative advantage of Iran’s poultry meat export in the Middle East market

Iran’s poultry meat export status in the Middle East region

Agriculture is literally a matter of life and death in the developing world. Ninety-six per cent of the world’s farmers – approximately 1.3 billion people – live in developing countries. In the rural areas of the developing world, close to 900 million people live on less than $1 a day.The Doha mandate encouraged the hope that dumping of subsidised exports from rich countries would finally be brought to an end, that market access for developing countries would be improved,and that developing countries would continue to be permitted to use tariffs and other border measures as part of their rural development strategies. In the Middle East,agriculture is the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product and foreign exchange,and is the second largest employer.Yet despite its economic importance it is largely overlooked in the development of new technologies and in the allocation of trained human resources. Agriculture in the Middle East focuses on new ways to improve food production, the challenges of a largely arid land, and managing limited agricultural resources.Agriculture is one of the oldest income sources in Iran. Close to one-third of the working population are engaged in agriculture and related industries such as poultry farming.Agriculture plays a significant role in the Iranian economy. At now agriculture account for an average of 27.8 percent of the GDP, and employ 26.1 percent of the labor force.Also agricultural products account for 47 percent of non-oil exports.Poultry species play important roles in the livelihood of human beings throughout the world both in ways that are quantifiable economically and in others that cannot and are therefore not captured in economic indices such as national GDP estimates.Poultry meat contribute directly to food security because there are no taboos against their consumption.With regard to F.A.O annual reports(2004) ,Iran has been rated 1st producer and also 1st exporter of poultry meat in the Middle East region. Capital stock in this industry consists of Breeding Farms (lines) ,Grand Parents(GP), Parent stock (PS), Broilers, Slaughter-Houses and dependant industries of governmental and private sectors is 4000 Billions Rials (5 Billions$). The current production is related to 70% of production units potential ,so with regard to remained considerable potential,it is necessary to make of them in an optimum rate. Therefore poultry products exports particularly poultry meat can be used for increasing of income and development for poultry industry. The objective of this paper was to study the dynamics on comparative advantage of Iran’s poultry meat export in the Middle East market

Učinci suplementacije kreatin monohidratom na oksidativno oštećenje dnk i peroksidaciju lipida izazvanu akutnim progresivnim testom opterećenja do otkaza u hrvača

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a seven-day creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation after incremental exercise to exhaustion in wrestlers. Thirty-one college-aged male wrestlers (age 19.52±2.75 years, body mass 79.24±16.13kg, height 173±6.49cm, and body fat 16.37±5.92%) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo controlled study and were randomly placed into either the placebo (PL; 4×5 g•day-1 of maltodextrine powder; n=16) or the creatine monohydrate (CrM: 4×5 g•day-1 CrM, n=15) group. Prior and following the supplementation period, participants performed an incremental cycling ergometer test to exhaustion. Urine samples were collected before and after the supplementation period at before (Pre), after (Post) and 24 hours after (24h Post) the exercise tests to determine the oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation as measured by urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-Isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α). Our finding demonstrates that the urinary 8-OHdG level significantly increased at 24h Post to exhaustion by 13.36% in CrM and 24.08% in PL before supplementation (p.05). In addition, urinary 8-OHdG concentrations at 24h Post significantly decreased by 32.65% in CrM group after supplementation compared with before supplementation. After supplementation, urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were significantly lower in CrM group compared with PL at 24h Post (p0,05). Koncentracije 8-OHdG iz urina uzetog 24 sata nakon testa značajno su niže (za 32,65%) u CrM grupi nakon suplementacije u odnosu na mjerenje prije suplementacije. Nakon suplementacije, koncentracije 8-OHdG u urinu su bile statistički značajno niže u CrM grupi u usporedbi s placebo grupom 24 sata nakon testa (p<0,05). Rezultati sugeriraju da suplementacija kreatin monohidratom može smanjiti akutno oksidativno oštećenje DNK izazvano vježbanjem do otkaza u hrvača

Evaluation of the growth and status of some nutrients in pistachio seedlings treated with phosphorus under different levels of irrigation water salinity

Purpose: Irrigation with saline water and poor quality and fertility of the soil are the most important factors limiting the growth, establishment, and yield of pistachio trees in many pistachio farming areas of Iran. In addition, phosphorus plays an important role in plant growth, especially under environmental stress conditions. Thus, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the role of P use in improving the growth of pistachio seedlings at different levels of irrigation water salinity. Research method: A greenhouse study was conducted as a factorial combination based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments include two levels of P [Control (P0) and 30 mg kg-1 soil (P1) as triple superphosphate] and three levels of irrigation water salinity (0, 5, and 10 dS m-1). Findings: Irrigation with saline water (10 dS.m-1) significantly decreased the shoot dry weight (94%), root dry weight (64%), leaf area (62%), plant height (35%), shoot and root P content (41% and 52%), shoot K content (40%) and shoot and root K/Na (85% and 28%) of pistachio seedlings. However, P application increased the growth parameters and the concentration of P and K elements in the pistachio seedlings shoot and root under water salinity stress. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: According to the results of this experiment, phosphorus application increased the growth of pistachio seedlings in saline condition. Therefore, according to soil and water salinity in pistachio farming areas of Iran, optimal nutrition with nutrients such as P can increase the tolerance of pistachio seedlings to salinity stress and their establishment

The Trend of Changes in Relative Humidity in Razavi Khorasan Province, Northeast Iran

The present study was conducted to examine the changes in monthly, seasonal, and annual trends in relative humidity of 13 meteorological stations in the Razavi-Khorasan Province from the beginning of the statistical period of each station until 2021. The study area includes Dargaz, Fariman, Golmakan, Gonabad, Kashmar, Khaf, Neyshabour, Mashhad, Quchan, Sarakhs, Sabzevar, Torbat-e Jam, and Torbat-e Heydarieh counties. Parametric linear regression and the nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test were used to detect trends in relative humidity. The majority of stations have shown decreasing trends at 5% significance level in relative humidity in different time scales, and only in two stations, Quchan (June, December, and autumn season) and Sarakhs (autumn season), the relative humidity showed an increasing trend at 5% significance level. A decrease in monthly mean relative humidity for six stations has been found in the range of 0.7 to 3.5 percent/decade, while an increase for Quchan station 1.9 to 2.6  percent/decade was observed. In addition, most of the studied stations have experienced a decrease in relative humidity on a seasonal and annual scale. A decrease in Seasonal mean relative humidity for six stations has been found in the range of 0.6 to 2 percent/decade, while decreases in annual mean relative humidity stations ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 percent/decade. The results of this research indicate a decreasing trend in the average monthly, annual and seasonal relative humidity during recent years