Inter-domain problems with internalization costs in Hooker’s rule-consequentialism

One of the most discussed and most sophisticated versions of modern rule-consequentialism is Brad Hooker's concept. He blends not only consequentialist but also some intuitionist aspects into a seemingly coherent moral theory. Among many others, one of the main arguments he uses for a variety of purposes is the concept of internalization costs - psychological expenses connected with the acceptance of some code in moral agents (demands on memory, intelligence, inter-personal bonds, etc.). However, at the same time Hooker also insists on just one common moral domain for every moral agent. Therefore an overwhelming majority of everyone, everywhere and in each future generation should follow the same moral code. The main aim of this thesis is to show that this single-domain structure is highly implausible (if not impossible), when agents involved have relevant differences in internalization costs for some code. Firstly some main aspects of Hooker's theory will be sketched, and then two main series of objections against the single moral domain will be raised: hard-lock problems (technological or genetic differences in internalization costs) and soft-lock problems (external, learned or institutionalized differences). If Hooker wants to avoid these objections, many contingent and questionable amendments have to be invoked, which radically reduce the appeal of his initial concept. As a conclusion it is suggested that one does not really need the single-domain structure in almost any cases, and most of the objections to rule-consequentialism might be avoided without invoking such concept. It is then proposed that Hooker's theory might fared significantly better if multiple moral domains would be allowed. More so, the boundaries and size of these domains could be based on the rule-consequentialist grounds themselves, in order to avoid the feared relativization of moral code to individuals

Morphologische Eigenschaften der männlichen Studentender Kinesiologie

Studij kineziologije zahtijeva određeni nivo motoričkih sposobnosti. U ovom smo istraživanju željeli ustanoviti u kojim se antropometrijskim mjerama razlikuju studenti Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu u odnosu na ostale studente Zagrebačkog Sveučilišta. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 294 studenta Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu i na grupi od 201 studenta ostalih fakulteta Zagrebačkog Sveučilišta. Mjerene su 22 antropometrijske varijable. Dobivene razlike pokazuju da studenti kineziologije imaju veću masu tijela, cirkularne dimenzije ekstremiteta i značajno manju količinu potkožnog masnog tkiva.The study of physical education demands a certain level of motor abilities. Research has been realized with the goal to find out the differences in anthropometric variables between male students and students from other faculties in Zagreb. Measurement has been provided on a sample of 204 male students from the Faculty of Physical Education and on a group of 201 male students from other faculties. 22 anthropometric variables were measured. The results indicate that students of kinesiology have greater body weight, circular dimensions of extremities and a significantly lower amount of subcutaneous fat.Das Studium der Kinesiologie setzt ein bestimmtes Niveau der motorischen Fähigkeiten voraus. Das Zeil dieser Untersuchung war, festzustellen, in welchen anthropometrischen Merkmalen sich Studenten der Fakultät für Körperkultur von Studenten anderer Fakultäten der Universität in Zagreb unterscheiden. Die Studie wurde an 204 Studenten der Fakultät für Körperkultur und 201 Studenten anderer Fakultäten der Zagreber Universität durchgeführt. Es wurden 22 anthropometrische Variablen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass bei den Studenten der Kinesiologie das Körpergewicht und die radialen Masse der Extremitäten grösser sind, wobei die Menge des Unterhautfetgewebes wesentlich geringer ist

Thermal isomerization of phenylazoindoles:Inversion or rotation? That is the question

Azoheteroarenes represent an attractive group of photochromes exhibiting a large structural variability and tunability of photoswitching characteristics. The thermal back-isomerization can proceed via inversion or rotation mechanisms, depending on the functionalization and environment. However, the distinction between the two remains a challenge for both experiment and theory. Here, four experimentally fully characterized phenylazoindoles are studied to establish the mechanism of back-reaction in solvent using density functional theory (DFT), spin-flip time-dependent (TD-)DFT, mixed-reference TD-DFT, and restricted ensemble Kohn–Sham approaches as well as CASPT2 and CCSD(T). While the inversion is consistently described by all methods, the rotation mechanism requires multireference approaches including dynamic correlation. The balanced description of both pathways becomes even more important in solvent which apparently affects the mechanism. For the present set, the range-separated functionals combined with continuum models appear to be the most consistent with experiment in terms of the substitutional and solvent effects on thermal halftimes.</p

Thermal isomerization of phenylazoindoles:Inversion or rotation? That is the question

Azoheteroarenes represent an attractive group of photochromes exhibiting a large structural variability and tunability of photoswitching characteristics. The thermal back-isomerization can proceed via inversion or rotation mechanisms, depending on the functionalization and environment. However, the distinction between the two remains a challenge for both experiment and theory. Here, four experimentally fully characterized phenylazoindoles are studied to establish the mechanism of back-reaction in solvent using density functional theory (DFT), spin-flip time-dependent (TD-)DFT, mixed-reference TD-DFT, and restricted ensemble Kohn–Sham approaches as well as CASPT2 and CCSD(T). While the inversion is consistently described by all methods, the rotation mechanism requires multireference approaches including dynamic correlation. The balanced description of both pathways becomes even more important in solvent which apparently affects the mechanism. For the present set, the range-separated functionals combined with continuum models appear to be the most consistent with experiment in terms of the substitutional and solvent effects on thermal halftimes.</p

Mechanochemical Defluorinative Arylation of Trifluoroacetamides : An Entry to Aromatic Amides

The amide bond is prominent in natural and synthetic organic molecules endowed with activity in various fields. Among a wide array of amide synthetic methods, substitution on a pre-existing (O)C-N moiety is an underexplored strategy for the synthesis of amides. In this work, we disclose a new protocol for the defluorinative arylation of aliphatic and aromatic trifluoroacetamides yielding aromatic amides. The mechanochemically induced reaction of either arylboronic acids, trimethoxyphenylsilanes, diaryliodonium salts, or dimethyl(phenyl)sulfonium salts with trifluoroacetamides affords substituted aromatic amides in good to excellent yields. These nickel-catalyzed reactions are enabled by C-CF3 bond activation using Dy2O3 as an additive. The current protocol provides versatile and scalable routes for accessing a wide variety of substituted aromatic amides. Moreover, the protocol described in this work overcomes the drawbacks and limitations in the previously reported methods.Peer reviewe

First hyperpolarizability of polymethineimine with long-range corrected functionals

Using the long-range corrected (LC) density functional theory (DFT) scheme introduced by Iikura et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3540 (2001)] and the Coulomb-attenuating model (CAM-B3LYP) of Yanai et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 393, 51 (2004)], we have calculated the longitudinal dipole moments and static electronic first hyperpolarizabilities of increasingly long polymehtineimine oligomers. For comparison purposes Hartree-Fock (HF), Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and conventional pure and hybrid functionals have been considered as well. HF, generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and conventional hybrids provide too large dipole moments for long oligomers, while LC-DFT allows to reduce the discrepancy with respect to MP2 by a factor of 3. For the first hyperpolarizability, the incorrect evolution with the chain length predicted by HF is strongly worsened by BLYP, Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE), and also by B3LYP and PBE0. On the reverse, LC-BLYP and LC-PBE hyperpolarizabilities are correctly predicted to be positive (but for the two smallest chains). Indeed, for medium and long oligomers LC hyperpolarizabilities are slightly smaller than MP2 hyperpolarizabilities, as it should be. CAM-B3LYP also strongly improves the B3LYP results, though a bit less impressively for small chain lengths. The present study demonstrates the efficiency of long-range DFT, even in very pathological cases