Association between chronic periodontitis and serum lipid levels

Background/Aim. Periodontitis is a local inflammatory process mediating destruction of periodontal tissues triggered by bacterial insult. However, this disease is also characterized by systemic inflammatory host responses that may contrbute, in part, to the recently reported increased risk for systemic diseases, including an altered lipid metabolism. On the other hand, many people in the world are affected by hyperlipidemia, which is a known risk faktor for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and blood lipid levels. Methods. A total of 50 patients with periodontitis included in this study had no documented history of recent acute coronary events. The healthy, non-periodontal subjects (comparison group) comprised 25 subjects. All the patients were periodontology examined and completed a medical history. Dental plaque index, probing depth, gingival index bleeding on probing and clinical attechment levels were recorded. Blood samples were taken on admission for measurements of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, hight density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). Results. The obtained results showed that mean levels of cholesterol (6.09 ± 1.61 mmol/L), triglycerdes (2.19+1.67mmol/l) and LDL cholesterol (4.09 ± 1.40 mmol/L) in individuals with periodontitis were higer, and levels od HDL (1.43 ± 0.51 mmol/L) was lower than those of individuals without periodontitis (4.86 ± 1.37; 1.14 ± 0.71; 3.18 ± 0.64; 1.53 ± 0.32 mmol/L, respectively). Conclusion. This study confirms a significant relationship between periodontal disease, regardless its intensity, and blood lipid levels in the studied population. The results imply that periodontitis may be a risk factor and may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, future prospective randomized studies have to determine whether periodontal disease is a risk factor for the occurrence of CVD

Bijela krvna slika u različitim stadijima kroničnog parodontitisa

Periodontal disease is considered to be an inflammatory disorder that is related to the accumulation of oral microbial biofilm and the host response to this accumulation. The host reaction to gingival microorganisms is characterized in part by increase in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts, which is one of the most important steps in host defense. Exaggerated leukocytes and neutrophils of host response are a very important component in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between white blood cell count and periodontal disease in subjects with moderate and severe periodontitis and in control subjects with healthy periodontal tissues. Leukocytes for the present study were obtained from peripheral venous blood of 50 patients with moderate periodontitis, 50 patients with severe periodontitis and 25 healthy subjects. The clinical parameters of periodontitis including plaque index, bleeding on probing and gingival index were determined in all study subjects. In both moderate and severe periodontitis, the results indicated a significantly higher count of neutrophils (p<0.001), as well as of both lymphocytes and total leukocytes (p<0.05). The values of clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index and bleeding on probing) also showed significant between-group differences (p<0.005 and p<0.001, respectively). It is possible that there is a significant relationship between total leukocyte count, neutrophil count and different forms of periodontal disease.Parodontna bolest je upalni poremećaj koji je povezan s akumulacijom oralnog mikrobnog biofilma i odgovorom domaćina na tu akumulaciju. Reakciju domaćina na gingivne mikroorganizme karakterizira donekle i povećanje broja polimorfonuklearnih leukocita, koji je jedan od najvažnijih koraka u odgovoru domaćina. Povećanje leukocita i neutrofila u okviru odgovora domaćina je veoma važna komponenta u patogenezi parodontne bolesti. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati vezu između broja bijelih krvnih zrnaca i parodontne bolesti kod ispitanika s blagom i uznapredovalom parodontopatijom i kontrolnih ispitanika sa zdravim parodontnim tkivom. Uzorak krvi za ispitivanje broja leukocita u ovom se istraživanju uzimao iz periferne venske krvi 50 ispitanika s umjerenom, 50 ispitanika s uznapredovalom parodontopatijom i 25 kontrolnih ispitanika. Klinički parametri parodontopatije, tj. plak indeks, indeks krvarenja i gingivni indeks određivali su se kod svih ispitanika. Kod obje skupine s parodontopatijom rezultati su pokazali značajno povećan broj neutrofila (p<0,001). Rezultati su također pokazali kako postoji značajnost između limfocita i ukupnog broja leukocita (p<0,05) među skupinama. Vrijednosti kliničkih parametara (plak indeks, gingivni indeks i indeks krvarenja) pokazale su značajnu razliku (p<0,005, p<0,001) među skupinama. U zaključku, moguće je da postoji značajna veza između ukupnog broja leukocita, broja neutrofila i različitih oblika parodontne bolesti

Terapijska učinkovitost klindamicin gela kao dodatak bazičnoj terapiji kronične parodontopatije

Clindamycin, a lincosamide antibiotic, has been under-recognized as an antimicrobial agent for use in dentistry. The aim of the present work was to evaluate clinical efficacy of 2% clindamycin gel in addition to the basic mechanical periodontal therapy. At baseline, scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed at all 50 subjects (control group and test group). Clindamycin gel was applied after SRP only in the test group. Clinical measurements including periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque index (PI) were done at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months after treatment. Compared to baseline, the PPD and CAL values significantly decreased in the test group (p<0.05) and were statistically lower (p<0.05) compared to control group. PPD reduction of 2.42 mm was obtained in the test group and could be generally considered as clinically significant. A PPD reduction greater than 2 mm indicated that clindamycin gel could be used efficiently as an adjunct to SRP. Also, between-group difference in BOP and PI scores was statistically significant 6 months after treatment. In conclusion, the application of clindamycin gel in combination with SRP enhanced the efficacy of non surgical periodontal therapy in reducing pocket depth and improving attachment levels in chronic periodontitis subjects and had additional benefits over mechanical therapy alone.Klindamicin, linkozamidni antibiotik, je u širokoj upotrebi u stomatologiji. Cilj ovoga rada je bio procijeniti kliničku učinkovitost 2% klindamicin gela kao dodatne terapije bazičnoj terapiji kronične parodontopatije. Bazična terapija provedena je u svih 50 pacijenata (kontrolna skupina i ispitna skupina). Klindamicin gel je primijenjen nakon bazične terapije parodontopatije samo u ispitnoj skupini. Praćeni su sljedeći klinički parametri: dubina parodontalnog džepa (DPDZ), razina pripojnog epitela (NPE), indeks krvarenja (Ikr), plak indeks (PI). Mjerenje indeksa provedeno je prilikom prve terapije te tri i šest mjeseci nakon tretmana. DPDZ i NPE vrijednosti su bile značajno smanjene u ispitnoj skupini (p<0,05) i bile su statističke niže u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (p<0,05). Smanjenje dubine parodontalnog džepa za 2,42 mm zabilježeno je u ispitnoj skupini i može se smatrati klinički značajnim. Ovo smanjenje pokazuje da klindamicin gel ima terapijski učinak kao dodatak bazičnoj terapiji u liječenju kronične parodontopatije. Također je evidentirana statistička razlika između skupina u Ikr i PI šest mjeseci nakon terapije. Zaključuje se da primjena klindamicin gela u kombinaciji s bazičnom terapijom parodontopatije povećava učinkovitost nekirurške terapije

Verification and Validation of an Advanced Guarded Hot Plate for Determination of Thermal Conductivity

The guarded hot plate (GHP) method is a widely used technique to measure thermal conductivity of thermal insulation specimens in steady-state conditions. In this paper, an advance of GHP has been developed in the Laboratory for Thermal Technique and Fire Protection in Institute IMS. The innovative GHP has been applied for measuring thermal conductivity using additional heat flux meters. The design of this GHP is similar to the design of the plate for GHP apparatus, however, it has different design: smaller width of thermal barrier, which is filled with insulation glue. Heaters inside hot and guard plates are built from wire for thermocouples, which is a unique type of heater. Geometry of heater has been optimized inside plates to achieve uniform temperature distribution along the specimen surface. Temperature uniformity of GHP and energy balance were experimentally determined. The verification and validation results of improved GHP have been shown. The test method was validated comparing test results of thermal conductivity with results of the round-robin test. Four national companies participated in the round-robin comparison on thermal conductivity measurement by GHP method. The measurement was performed on the same specimen of thermal insulation material (expanded polystyrene) according to SRPS EN 12667 at temperatures ranging between 10-40 °C. The measured thermal conductivity of all participants in the round-robin test was input data for statistical processing according to SRPS ISO 5725-2 and ISO 13528. To evaluate the performance of the participants, the “z” score has been used. Measurements were conducted successively for all participants. Since 2020, the Accreditation Body of Serbia also approved this test method

Periodontal medicine: The emergence of a new branch in periodontology

Introduction: Periodontal medicine is the emergence of a new branch of periodontology. Periodontal medicine is a term used for different purposes in different parts of the world. In certain countries, it relates to the study of the dynamic relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, preterm delivery low-birth-weight babies, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and disorders of the respiratory tract. Such studies investigate the peripheral impacts of periodontal inflammation on systemic health. In other countries, 'periodontal medicine' is a term used to describe the periodontal (and gingival) manifestations of medical conditions. This includes their investigation, diagnosis and therapeutic management and how management of the oral condition integrates with the patient's medical management as part of a holistic approach within defined care pathways. Conclusion: The text is a comprehensive analysis of research on periodontal disease and its link to systemic conditions. The periodontal treatment may be important in terms of preventing a patient's overall health. Periodontologists emphasize that infections in the mouth can cause health problems in other parts of the body

The width of the attached gingiva and its variability in people with healthy periodontal status

Background: Gingiva is part of the mucous membrane that covers the alveolar ridges of the jaw and surrounds the necks of the teeth. Anatomical features of the gingiva are very important in planning the treatment of periodontal disease. The attached gingiva is important for maintaining a healthy periodontal condition. This study measured the normal value width of the attached gingiva in periodontal healthy subjects. The aim was estimating the width of the attached gingiva by warious methods. Material and Methods: The width of the attached gingiva was measured using a periodontal probe in periodontally healthy subjects. The measurement was performed in the Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine Clinic of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine University of Nis. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to determine the mean values of the attached gingiva, which will represent the normal value width of the attached gingiva for people with healthy periodontium. Results: The greatest width of the attached gingiva was found in subjects aged 15-30 years, primarily in the female population. The mean value of the width of the attached gingiva varied depending on the area in the mouth: the maximum width of the attached gingiva was noted in the area of the upper central incisors, while the lowest recorded value was in the area of the first molars, both in the upper and lower jaw. Conclusion: The width of the attached gingiva varies according to the age and sex of the person, and according to the site in the oral cavity

The Effects of Periodontal Therapy on C-reactive Protein and Periodontal Pathogens in Periodontitis Patients

Nedavna epidemiološka istraživanja pokazuju da su osobe s parodontopatijom u mnogo većoj opasnosti od kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Iako mehanizam odgovoran za to potpuno jasan, pretpostavlja se da uklanjanje parodontne infekcije i inflamacije terapijom može smanjiti razinu upalnog markera CRP-a i rizik od koronarnih bolesti. Svrha istraživanja: Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je ustanoviti mogu li na razine CRP-a kod srbijanske populacije utjecati kronična parodontopatija i parodontni patogeni te kasnija terapija. Materijali i metode: Kod pedesetero ljudi s umjerenom do teškom parodontopatijom - a svi su obavili kompletan parodontalni debridment - pratilo se je li terapija parodontopatije smanjila upalu parodonta i snizila razinu upalnih markera u serumu. Sudionici su bili ispitani u vezi s težinom oboljelog parodonta, C-reaktivnog proteina i parodontnih patogena (Porphyromonas gingivalis i Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) tijekom prvog posjeta te šest i dvanaest mjeseci nakon terapije. U kontrolnoj skupini serum CRP-a uzet je od 25 ljudi bez parodontopatije. Rezultati: Razine CRP-a nisu bile niže od onih zabilježenih u zapadnim zemljama. Bilo je znatnih promjena u vrijednostima kliničkih parametara, razine CRP-a i parodontnih patogena prije završene terapije i nakon nje. Zaključak: Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da terapija može pridonijeti eliminaciji upale parodonta i parodontnih patogena te smanjiti razinu CRP-a u serumu. Parodontopatija može utjecati na upalne procese zbog toga što terapija parodonta smanjuje prisutnost parodontnih patogena i upalnih markera.Objective. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with periodontitis have significantly increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Although the mechanism responsible for the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular events is not fully understood, it is hypothesized that the removal of infection and inflammatory burden of periodontitis by therapy would be accompanied by a decrease in levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein and a decreased risk of coronary heart disease. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of chronic periodontitis and periodontal pathogens and subsequent periodontal treatment could influence the serum levels of C-reactive protein in a Serbian cohort. Material and Methods: Fifty adults with moderate to severe periodontitis who underwent complete mouth disinfection were evaluated to determine if periodontal therapy would result in decreased periodontal inflammation and lower serum levels of an inflammatory marker. Subjects underwent measuring of periodontal disease severity and serum C-reactive protein, and periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) at the time of the baseline visit and again 6 and 12 months after treatment. Serum levels CRP were also obtained from 25 subjects without periodontitis in a control group. Results: The levels of CRP in the serum seemed not to be lower than those reported in other population in Western European countries. There were significant changes in clinical periodontal values, CRP levels and presence of periodontal pathogens when baseline values were compared to those taken after periodontal treatment completion. Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that periodontal therapy may contribute to elimination of periodontal inflammation and periodontal pathogens, and reduce serum level of CRP. Periodontitis may contribute to the systemic nflammatory burden of affected individuals since it was shown that periodontal therapy may decrease presence of periodontal pathogens and inflammatory markers

The effect of thermal treatment on mechanical and deformation properties of steel reinforcement

Presented research was intentioned to clarify the effects of thermal treatment (ageing) of reinforcing steel products on their mechanical and deformation properties. In order to determine the effect of temperature, samples were exposed to room temperature (reference samples) and a temperature of 100 °C in duration of 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. Tests were conducted on bars, coils and welded fabrics. After the thermal treatment, samples were exposed to tensile testing. The duration of the ageing treatment did not significantly affect measured properties of the tested products. Still, longer ageing process increased the yield stress of samples taken from coils by 7%, while the welded fabrics reached optimum values of yield stress and elongation after ageing of 60 minutes