Migracije u Europi devedesetih

This paper provides an ovetview of main trends in new European migration landscape. It looks at the ways they are shaped by the global trends world-wide. It provides a gender perspective of this new migration pattem and sheds light on some of migrants\u27 coping strategies of resistance to ever more restrictive policies. Finally it reflects on some of the issues relevant for the South vs. Central/Eastern Europe comparison. The redrawing of the map of Europe in the aftermath of the events of 1989 and the collapse of the communist regimes involved an unprecedented mobility of persons and heralded a new phase in the history of European migrations. The clear distinction between sending and receiving countries has been blurred with former sending countries emerging simultaneously as receiving, as sending and as transit areas. Furthermore, the former predominantly labour migration pattem has become highly diversified: circulators’ or shuttle/commuter migrants, refugees, “repatriates”, undocumented and trafficked migrants are some of the numerically most important categories along with the traditional labour and family migration. The new forms of migration are no longer male dominated: the post communist transition has put on the move a great number of women .who are looking for an escape either from their new market conditions or from the newly dominant discourse of nationalist projects in their home countries or are simply attracted by the challenges of the newly acquired freedom of movement.Ovaj članak daje pregled glavnih trendova u području novih europskih migracija. Proučava načine na koje ih oblikuju globalni svjetski trendovi. Članak uključuje i perspektivu spolnosti iz koje se mogu promatrati novi migracijski obrasci te osvjetljava neke migrantske strategije otpora sve restriktivnijim migracijskim politikama. Konačno, bavi se i pitanjima relevantnima za usporedbu južne sa srednjom i istočnom Europom. Novo crtanje granica na karti Europe nakon događaja 1989. i kolapsa komunističkih režima uključilo je do tada neviđenu mobilnost te najavilo novu fazu u povijesti europskih migracija. Jasno razlikovanje zemalja odašiljanja i primanja pomutile su bivše zemlje odašiljanja, koje su se pojavile istovremeno kao primajuča, odašiljuća i tranzitna podmčja. Nadalje, prijašnji pretežno radni migracijski obrasci postali su veoma raznoliki: cirkulatomi ili komutirajući migranti, izbjeglice, povratnici, nedokiimentirani i prokrijumčareni migranti neke su od brojčano najvažnijih kategorija zajedno s tradicionalnom radnom i obiteljskom migracijom. Novi oblici migracija nisu pretežito muške: postkomunistička tranzicija pokrenula je velik broj žena koje bježe od novih tržišnih uvjeta ili od novih dominantnih diskursa nacionalističkih projekata u njihovim zemljama porijekla ili su jednostavno privučene izazovima novostečene slobode kretanja

Migracije u Europi devedesetih

This paper provides an ovetview of main trends in new European migration landscape. It looks at the ways they are shaped by the global trends world-wide. It provides a gender perspective of this new migration pattem and sheds light on some of migrants\u27 coping strategies of resistance to ever more restrictive policies. Finally it reflects on some of the issues relevant for the South vs. Central/Eastern Europe comparison. The redrawing of the map of Europe in the aftermath of the events of 1989 and the collapse of the communist regimes involved an unprecedented mobility of persons and heralded a new phase in the history of European migrations. The clear distinction between sending and receiving countries has been blurred with former sending countries emerging simultaneously as receiving, as sending and as transit areas. Furthermore, the former predominantly labour migration pattem has become highly diversified: circulators’ or shuttle/commuter migrants, refugees, “repatriates”, undocumented and trafficked migrants are some of the numerically most important categories along with the traditional labour and family migration. The new forms of migration are no longer male dominated: the post communist transition has put on the move a great number of women .who are looking for an escape either from their new market conditions or from the newly dominant discourse of nationalist projects in their home countries or are simply attracted by the challenges of the newly acquired freedom of movement.Ovaj članak daje pregled glavnih trendova u području novih europskih migracija. Proučava načine na koje ih oblikuju globalni svjetski trendovi. Članak uključuje i perspektivu spolnosti iz koje se mogu promatrati novi migracijski obrasci te osvjetljava neke migrantske strategije otpora sve restriktivnijim migracijskim politikama. Konačno, bavi se i pitanjima relevantnima za usporedbu južne sa srednjom i istočnom Europom. Novo crtanje granica na karti Europe nakon događaja 1989. i kolapsa komunističkih režima uključilo je do tada neviđenu mobilnost te najavilo novu fazu u povijesti europskih migracija. Jasno razlikovanje zemalja odašiljanja i primanja pomutile su bivše zemlje odašiljanja, koje su se pojavile istovremeno kao primajuča, odašiljuća i tranzitna podmčja. Nadalje, prijašnji pretežno radni migracijski obrasci postali su veoma raznoliki: cirkulatomi ili komutirajući migranti, izbjeglice, povratnici, nedokiimentirani i prokrijumčareni migranti neke su od brojčano najvažnijih kategorija zajedno s tradicionalnom radnom i obiteljskom migracijom. Novi oblici migracija nisu pretežito muške: postkomunistička tranzicija pokrenula je velik broj žena koje bježe od novih tržišnih uvjeta ili od novih dominantnih diskursa nacionalističkih projekata u njihovim zemljama porijekla ili su jednostavno privučene izazovima novostečene slobode kretanja

Yugoslav Women-Migrants About Themselves

The author studied the migrational situation and the problem of identity among Yugoslav women migrants of rural origin. The study included Yugoslav women temporarily employed in France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Sweden. Research was carried out by the »Who am I?« method on comparative samples. For analytical reasons the author assumed that there is a single socio-cultural system of values determining the position and behaviour of the woman in rural parts of Yugoslavia (from which most of the women studied originated directly or indirectly). This system of values she contrasts with schematized cultural patterns women are exposed to after coming to the country of reception. The most important research results are those that show women to experience their identity differently in each of the countries studied. The author considers that those differences stem primarily from conditions of life and the general position of women in immigrant countries. In France the position of the immigrant woman is the most unfavourable. In the Federal Republic of Germany immigrant women accept a very widespread model of conformity. For them conformity is a possible manner of survival in Germany until the primarily economic motives they had for coming there are satisfied. In Sweden the sociocultural context protects the woman, mobilizes her and turns her towards change. This is in the first place reflected in a drive towards the equal position of marriage partners, in a different relationship towards unwed mothers, etc. Such a situation also results in plans for a longer stay abroad. The analysis carried out shows that the starting hypothesis that migration can be a possible channel for making women more conscious has only been partly confirmed. In conclusion the author points out that the process of emancipation of consciousness among women demands the support of at least part of their direct social surroundings

Gendering Migration

Migration patterns, migration discourse and underlying representations, migrants’ experiences, obligations and duties as well as the expectations relative to their migration are gendered. Since the pioneering feminist migration scholars’ questioning of men as a universal reference and the invisibility of women or their stereotypical representations as dependents in the mainstream production of knowledge on migration, the scholarship has evolved considerably. It is argued in the paper that the ongoing process of cross-fertilization of developments in two separate epistemologies, each initially questioning monolithic and essentialist visions of a “migrant” on one hand and a “woman” on the other, produced a fecund subfield of research “migration and gender”. The paper provides an insight into this, reviewing work on the issues related to gendering different phases of migration. Bridging migration and gender brought to the top of research agendas issues that used to be on the margins, creating new visibilities but leaving out other gendered dimensions of complex realities of migrant experience

Feminization of migrations?

Women have always taken part in migrations, but their presence varied depending on their origins, on the labour market situation both in the areas of origin and in the target areas, as well as the migration policies in the immigration areas. Their presence was not always visible and did not attract as much scholarly and political attention as today. What happened, how can one explain such an interest lately, whereas only few years ago the subject was marginal, in the shadow of the "mainstream - malestream", i.e. migration as a phenomenon which focuses on geographic mobility of men, while women are not considered as equal protagonists, they either follow or remain at home. Could the so called "feminization" of migration explain the great and sudden interest for women and gender in migrations? This text critically examines the notion of "feminization" considered today as one of the main dimensions of global migration flows. Drawing on trends both globally and in specific countries, it shows that "feminization" is neither a new nor a sudden trend and entails variations depending on the origins, level of development and maturity of migration flows. In some groups men were primo-migrants and with a gradual feminization the flows reach a balanced sex ratio. There where women migrated first, or became numerically predominant, one observs the opposite trend: a "masculinization". Some authors rightly refer to "gender transition", the term which covers both trends. It is argued in the conclusion that the visibility and growing interest for women in migration and, more recently, for a gender perspective in migration, is not only due to the changing migration patterns and profile of migrants but also to the renewal of theoretical perspectives in migration and gender studies in a context that largely facilitated that renewal. The focus of our attention today on specific aspects of migration is triggered not only by genuine changes in migration trends, but it is also a result of a long process of visibilisation in the academic production on migration, women and gender. These trends may have existed earlier in the migration history but had remained in the shadow of categories defining, recording and analyzing migration

Migrations in Europe: Fears due to the enlargement of the EU to the East

The European Union is confronted with the biggest enlargement in its history: ten states, among them eight middle European - the so called "buffer zone" in the new European migration landscape - will become members in 2004. Other candidates hope to join in the coming years. For all Eastern and Eastern European countries, including those that are not candidates, the end of the bi-polar world meant a hope of "return to Europe". When shifting its borders to the East, the European Union both includes and excludes. The final objective to achieve Europe as "a space of freedom, security and justice", is conditioned by the capacity and necessity to control the migratory flows. The prospect of free circulation for the citizens of the new Union members entails also fears: the EU countries are afraid of the consequences the enlargement would have on migratory flows from the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and which transit through that area. The perception of migrants as a threat inspired the conditions that the Union imposed on the candidate countries concerning migration policy issues and which mostly focus on the protection of its Eastern borders. For the future Union members however, protecting of the thousand of kilometers of their Eastern border, implies a number of quite different problems. These countries are afraid of the impact the restrictive measures they are obliged to implement would have both on many economic and family ties which have been maintained since the socialist period and on more recently engaged cooperation with the neighbours which are not candidates. The challenge of enlargement is different therefore for the EU members, for the candidate countries and for those who are for the moment excluded from the process. The fears do not seem to be always grounded. Thus, the impact of enlargement which, it was feared, could have been so destabilizing for the Union because of potentially large migration flows, is more likely to be destabilizing for the new candidate countries, especially concerning their relations with their neighbours excluded from the enlargement process