Descriptive and functional definition of nucleolus – a pathway to cancer therapy

Očekuje se da moderna terapija tumora djeluje ciljano i sveobuhvatno. U novim kliničkim ispitivanjima terapije raka primjenjuju se mali molekularni inhibitori transkripcije ribosomalnih gena i aktivatori apoptoze. Model terapije prikazan ovdje je aktivacija supresora tumora koji djeluju u domeni jezgrice. Stanice tumora pokazuju poremećaj regulacije proteina i mutaciju P53 gena koji suprimira rast. Razvoj bolesti definira terapiju. Moderna se definicija bolesti temelji na etiopatogenezi staničnog stresa u kojem sudjeluju brojne organele, uključujući jezgricu. Jezgra i jezgrica su mikroskopski oblici. Ovaj prikaz daje sažet opis onoga što se vidi kada se kaže „jezgrica”. Nadalje su opisani kiseli nehistonski proteini koji se okupljaju oko transkripcijskog ustroja RNK polimeraze I te je istaknut značaj njihove vizualizacije za promjenu definicije jezgrice. Osim što je tjelešce u nukleoplazmi i subnuklearna organela, jezgrica se može vizualizirati pomoću njezinih funkcionalnih struktura – AgNOR-a. AgNOR proteini imaju ulogu u nukleolarnom stresu. Svrha ovoga teksta je raspraviti nukleolarni stres.Modern tumour therapy should be target specific and comprehensive. Recent clinical trials test small molecular inhibitors of transcription of ribosomal genes and activators of apoptosis. We treatise on models of activation of the suppressors of tumour growth acting in the nucleolar domain. Tumour cells demonstrate a disordered protein regulation and mutation of P53 gene which codes for a suppressor of growth. Therapy is guided by pathogenesis. Modern disease definition is based on etiopathogenesis of cell stress, wherein participate numerous organelles, including the nucleolus. Nucleus and nucleolus are forms seen on light microscopy. This presentation focuses on the description of the visible correlate of the notion of “nucleolus”. Further to this, acid non-histone proteins which gather around the transcriptional machinery of RNA polymerase I are described, and the significance of their visualisation towards the alteration of the definition of nucleolus is pointed out. Besides being a particle within the nucleoplasm and a subnuclear organelle, the nucleolus is visualized through its functional structures – the AgNORs. The AgNOR proteins have a role in nucleolar stress. The aim of this article is to discuss the nucleolar stress

Juvenile Angiofibroma of the Maxillary Sinus

Juvenile angiofibromas are benign fibro-vascular tumours of the nasopharynx that develop in prepubertal and adolescent males. Typical symptoms are longstanding unilateral nasal obstruction occasionally followed by epistaxes and frequent severe intraoperative haemorrhage of the discovered mass.We report the case of a 14-year-old boy histologically diagnosed with a juvenile angiofibroma in spite of the atypical localisation of the polyploid mass of the left maxillary sinus

Gene Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Atypical Glottic Hyperplasia

The study searched for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification in hyperplastic glottis lesions. After classical pathohistological findings of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) slides and quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used on tissue microarrays of laryngeal hyperplastic tissue ranging from normal mucosa to abnormal and atypical hyperplastic lesions. FISH analysis of two atypical hyperplastic lesions discovered the amplification of EGFR gene while it was not found in simple and abnormal hyperplastic lesions. The results may indicate that EGFR gene amplifications could possibly correlate with the histopathologic picture. Tissue samples burdened with specific oncogen signatures like EGFR gene amplification could be detected in precancerous lesion. This might improve follow-up and treatment protocols of glottic lesions which are an everyday problem for ENT practitioners. Further research is mandatory to confirm our findings

Mean platelet volume in laryngeal cancer – role in cancer staging

Cilj: Ispitati povezanost srednjeg volumena trombocita - MPV (engl. mean platelet volume) s kliničkim stadijem karcinoma grkljana te s histološkim značajkama karcinoma koje mogu činiti podlogu patofiziologije promijenjenog broja te volumena trombocita. Materijali i metode: Retrospektivno su analizirani laboratorijski i klinički podaci 76 pacijenata s patohistološki potvrđenim planocelularnim karcinomom grkljana. Podijelom po kliničkoj TNM klasifikaciji dobivene su dvije skupine: rani i kasni karcinom grkljana. Nadalje, pacijenti su podijeljeni u grupe prema stupnju diferencijacije stanica karcinoma, kao i po prisutnosti vaskularne invazije. Rezultati: Statistički značajna razlika između skupina ranog i kasnog karcinoma u demografskim podacima i podatku o pušenju nije pronađena. Usporedba MPV vrijednosti pokazala je značajnu razliku (P= 0,003) između skupina ranog i kasnog karcinoma grkljana. Nadalje, usporedba istih skupina ukazala je na povećan broj trombocita u skupini kasnog karcinoma grkljana (P<0,001). Uspoređene su skupine podijeljene na osnovu stupnju diferencijacije te je dokazana statistički značajna razlika u MPV vrijednosti (P= 0,001) dok se broj trombocita nije značajno razlikovao (P= 0,132). Uspordba MPV vrijednost između skupina karcinoma s i bez vaskularne invazije pokazala je statističku značajnost (P<0,001). Zaključci: Ovim istraživanjem želimo ukazati na mogućnost korištenja MPV u svrhu određivanja kliničkog stadija i prognoze karcinoma grkljana. Određivanje MPV je lako dostupna i jeftina metoda koja kliničaru može dati važne informacije.Aim: This study aimes to investigate alteration of MPV (mean platelet volume) in laryngeal cancer. The hypothesis is that different clinical stages of laryngeal cancer and histological characteristics may be the basis of the pathophysiological changes in size and number of platelets. Materials and methods: Laboratory and clinical data were analysed retrospectively from 76 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Two main groups were formed upon TNM clasification: early stage and advanced stage laryngeal cancer. Furthermore, the patients were subdivided according to cancer degree of differentiation and presence of blood vessel invasion. Results: Statisticly significant difference between early and advanced stage cancer in the demographic and smoking data was not found. The comparison of MPV values showed statistically significant difference (P=0,003) between early and advanced laryngeal cancer. Furthermore, platelet values were significantly higher in the advanced group (P <0,001). The patients with poor differentiated cancer had significantly lower MPV values (P=0,001) compared to the ones with well and moderate differentiated stage. The difference in platelet count in the same groups was not statistically significant (P=0,132). The MPV value was significantly lower (P <0,001) in the group with vascular invasion compared to the group without that cancer characteristic. Conclusion: Our results suggest the possibility of using MPV values to help the clinician in prognosis of laryngeal cancer. Determining MPV values and platelet count is easily accessible and inexpensive method that provides useful information in everyday clinical practice

Primary lymphoma of the nasal septum – case report

Cilj: Limfomi su skupina hematopoetskih tumora koji nastaju iz limfocita. Nosna šupljina i paranazalni sinusi rijetko su zahvaćeni primarnim limfomom. Cilj ovog članka je prikazati slučaj pacijentice s primarnim ekstranodalnim limfomom rijetke lokalizacije. Prikaz slučaja: 66-godišnja pacijentica javila se u Kliniku za otorinolaringologiju zbog frontalne glavobolje i nosne kongestije. Endoskopijom nazofarinksa uočena je suspektna tvorba na septumu nosa u lijevoj nosnoj šupljini. Po uzetoj biopsiji dobio se nalaz difuznog velikostaničnog B-limfoma CD20+, te je potvrđena dijagnoza B-staničnog limfoma nosnog septuma. Zaključak: Važna je diferencijalna dijagnoza limfoma od ostalih tumora glave i vrata radi ranog postavljanja dijagnoze i adekvatnog pravovremenog liječenja.Aim: Lymphomas are a group of blood cell tumors that originate from lymphocytes. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rarely affected by primary lymphomas. The purpose of this article is to show a case study of a patient with a primary extranodal lymphoma of rare origin. Case report: A 66 year-old patient presented at the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic with frontal headaches and nasal congestion. Nasal endoscopy revealed a septal mass in the left nasal cavity. Punch biopsy reported a lymphoplasmocytic diffuse B-cell lymphoma with associated markers CD20+, thus the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma of the nasal septum was concluded. Conclusion: The differential diagnosis of lymphomas from other head and neck tumors is important because of the early staging of the disease and adequate therapy

Radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and immunohistochemical analysis of vessel proliferation: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma presents with symptoms of nasal obstruction and epistaxis. The treatment of choice is embolization followed by surgery.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 52-year-old man underwent surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma after adjuvant radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of angiofibroma with clinical follow-up after thermocoagulation therapy supported by quantitative, double immunohistochemistry. We found this case of angiofibroma to be of interest owing to the presentation of symptoms leading to biopsy, the pathohistological observations obtained with synchronous Ki67/cluster of differentiation 34 and Ki67/smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry and high pericyte proliferation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Coagulation of angiofibroma vessels followed by acquisition of a thick mantle of pericytes in a patient with a nasopharyngeal growth suggests that radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy could be a useful, palliative therapy for bleeding nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, supporting vessel maturation prior to surgical tumor removal.</p

Vaskularizacija glioblastoma i njezin odnos prema primarnim strukturama u tumoru : doktorska disertacija

Sažetak disertacije "Vaskularizacija glioblastoma i njezin odnos prema primarnim strukturama u tumoru" nije dostupan

Vaskularizacija glioblastoma i njezin odnos prema primarnim strukturama u tumoru : doktorska disertacija

Sažetak disertacije "Vaskularizacija glioblastoma i njezin odnos prema primarnim strukturama u tumoru" nije dostupan

Gene Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Atypical Glottic Hyperplasia

The study searched for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification in hyperplastic glottis lesions. After classical pathohistological findings of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) slides and quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used on tissue microarrays of laryngeal hyperplastic tissue ranging from normal mucosa to abnormal and atypical hyperplastic lesions. FISH analysis of two atypical hyperplastic lesions discovered the amplification of EGFR gene while it was not found in simple and abnormal hyperplastic lesions. The results may indicate that EGFR gene amplifications could possibly correlate with the histopathologic picture. Tissue samples burdened with specific oncogen signatures like EGFR gene amplification could be detected in precancerous lesion. This might improve follow-up and treatment protocols of glottic lesions which are an everyday problem for ENT practitioners. Further research is mandatory to confirm our findings