Comparaison de cultures intercalaires pour la répression des adventices et la stabilité des agrégats du sol dans la vigne semi-rustique en implantation au Québec

Au Québec, la température hivernale atteint -35 °C et les cépages non-rustiques (Vitis vinifera L.) doivent être protégés du gel par l'installation de géotextiles ou par buttage qui consiste en un travail du sol intensif et bisannuel pour recouvrir et découvrir les vignes. Ces conditions restreignent l'implantation de cultures intercalaires : (1) leur établissement et leur croissance sont limités à la saison de production, (2) le buttage détruit la végétation intercalaire à l'automne et (3) l'installation de géotextiles permet la culture d'espèces pérennes, mais elle est plus coûteuse. Au Québec, l'adoption de cultures intercalaires demeure donc marginale, malgré les bienfaits reconnus de ces cultures, dont le contrôle des adventices et l'atténuation de l'érosion hydrique. Leur impact sur la croissance et la production de la vigne sont également méconnus sous le climat continental du Québec. Une expérience en blocs aléatoires complets a été établie (2018-2020) dont l'objectif était de comparer l'effet du désherbage mécanique à deux mélanges de graminées intercalaires (annuelles vs pérennes) sur le contrôle des adventices et leur diversité, la stabilité des agrégats du sol ainsi que la croissance et la productivité de la vigne durant la période d'implantation. L'expérience incluait aussi un témoin enherbé (adventices). Le désherbage mécanique a mieux contrôlé les adventices, et a diminué la richesse et la diversité de la flore comparativement aux couverts végétaux. La densité des adventices annuelles et vivaces n'a pas diminué sous cultures intercalaires et le recouvrement des adventices au sol surpassait les 50 % en fin de saison. Néanmoins, la biomasse aérienne des adventices est demeurée en-dessous de celle du traitement enherbé durant les deux premières années. En fin de saison, la stabilité des agrégats du sol était plus élevée sous couvert végétal comparativement au désherbage mécanique. Ni le rendement, ni la qualité des raisins n'ont été affectés par la régie de culture dans l'entre-rang.Non-hardy grapevine varieties require winter protection in southern Quebec because temperature can drop to –35 °C and cause irreversible frost damage. Winter protection is provided either by geotextiles or hilling, the latter generating intensive soil disturbance twice a year. These constraints limit the adoption of intercrops because 1) their establishment and growth are concurrent with the crop, 2) hilling destroys intercrops every fall, and 3) the use of geotextiles allows the adoption of perennial intercrops but is more expensive. Although it can control weeds and mitigate soil erosion, intercropping in Quebec vineyards is limited. Moreover, grapevine response to intercropping is poorly documented under Quebec's continental climate. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted (2018-2020) to compare mechanical weeding to two grass mixture intercrops (annual vs perennial), during vineyard establishment. Variables tested included weed control and diversity, soil aggregate stability, vine growth, and grape yield. A weedy control was also included. Cultivation was more efficient at controlling weeds than both intercrops but decreased plant species richness and diversity in comparison to other treatments. Weed density did not decrease over time and weed cover was relatively high (> 50% at the end of the growing season) under intercrops. Nevertheless, weed shoot biomass was lower under intercrops than in the weedy control during the first two years. Cultivation was also detrimental to soil structure, it showed lower aggregate stability compared to vegetated treatments by the end of the season. None of the interrow management methods had an impact on vine yield fruit quality

Weed emergence and seedbank after three years of repetitive shallow cultivation in a muck soil field

Frequent cultivation is often used to control weeds in crops such as lettuce. The efficacy of this technique on weed populations has been evaluated, but the effect on weed emergence and seedbanks is less documented. Studies in mineral soil indicate that soil disturbance can increase both weed emergence and seed persistence depending on where seeds are redistributed in the soil profile. Evaluations done in muck soil are scarce. This study evaluated the effect of two and four repetitive shallow (3.4 to 7.1 cm deep) cultivations on weed emergence and the weed seedbank in muck soil. Cultivation treatments (0, 2 and 4 cultivations using a inter-row rototiller) were done in lettuce plots from 2017 to 2019. Weed density was evaluated by species before each cultivation date and after crop harvest. Viable seedbanks were evaluated by collecting soil samples before and after each growing season and placing them in greenhouse flats. Statistical analyses were based on mixed models. Results showed that shallow cultivation modified the emergence patterns of weeds but did not reduce total emergence during the subsequent years or viable seedbanks. After two seasons without seed inputs, total emergence was reduced by 46.6% and the seedbank was reduced by 31.7% regardless of the cultivation treatment. However, the seedbank of the very abundant common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) remained high.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author