The Effect of Electrode Polarity on Electrical Discharge Machining Performance in Water

Practical utilization of ram type electrical discharge machining in uninflammable fluid has been expected in place of inflammable kerosine type fluid for unmanned operation in a workshop. The electrical discharge machining performance in deionized water is experimentally investigated on the basis of the analysis of the crater generated by a single pulse discharge. The experimental analysis makes it clear that the electrical discharge machining performance in deionized water is greatly affected by the electrode polarity. The metal removal rate in the normal polarity machining is higher than that in reverse polarity machining, while the electrode wear rate in the normal polarity machining is greater than that in reverse polarity machining. Therefore the electrode polarity should be properly selected according to the purpose of machining

Photochromic Intercalation Compounds

Photochromism of intercalation compounds has been investigated so far. Starting from fundamental studies on the photochromic reactions of the dyes in the presence of layered materials, the precise design of the nanostructures of intercalation compounds toward controlled photochemical reactions and the creation of novel photoresponsive supramolecular systems based on layered solids have been a topic of interests. Various layered materials with different surface chemistries have been used as hosts for the controlled orientation, and aggregation of the intercalated dyes and the states of the intercalated guests affected photoresponses. Molecular design of the photochromic dyes has also been conducted in order to organize them on layered solids with the desired manner. On the other hand, layered solids with such functions as semiconducting and magnetic have been examined to host photochromic dyes for the photoresponsive changes in the materials' properties.ArticlePHOTOFUNCTIONAL LAYERED MATERIALS. 166: 177-211 (2015)journal articl

World trend in surimi processing with respect to new technology and quality control

1. Internationalization and Diversification of Surimi Industry It is estimated that the world s surimi production in 1994 was 512,000 tonnes. Japan was the biggest surimi producer in the middle of 80 s, but the surimi production of Japan decreased to 132,000 tonnes in 1994. The USA started the commercial production of frozen surimi in Alaska in 1985 and became the biggest surimi producer in the world with 209,000 tonnes in 1994. Thailand started surimi production in 1978 and has increased its production to 65,000 tonnes in 1994. The success of the Thai surimi industry stimulated development of surimi production in other countries in the region. With an increase in the number of countries producing surimi, the fish species used for frozen surimi has been diversified. Of about 500,000 tonnes of frozen surimi in the world, the share of Alaska pollock surimi was 60% in 1994. The share of surimi from other fish such as whiting, threadfin bream, etc., has been increasing over the years. 2. Intrinsic Quality of Frozen Surimi Stability of the meat proteins (especially of myofibrillar proteins) against heat and frozen storage is species dependent. Protein stability of cold water species is much poorer than of temperate/tropical water species. The stability or the rate of denaturation of myofibrillar proteins is closely related to the temperature of the water in which the fish lives. Strict temperature control is required for surimi of Alaska pollock and other cold water species. 3. Internationalization of Surimi-Based Products The world production of surimi-based products in 1993 was estimated at 1,090,000 tonnes. The biggest kamaboko producer is Japan, followed by Korea, USA, Taiwan and Thailand. The production of imitation crab and seafood analogs began in the middle of the 70 s and are now manufactured throughout the world. 4. Recent Trend of Kamaboko Products in Japan Japanese consumers now prefer softer textured foods than previously and pay more attention to healthy foods. Some of the successful soft textured products are made by incorporating isolated soy protein into surimi-based products. 5. New Surimi-Based Product Technology Vacuum grinding mixers have been introduced more and more into kamaboko processing plants in Japan. Imitation crab meat, scallop or squid with fine texture and juiciness as compared to conventional products are now produced by twin-screw extrusion cooking. Ohmic cooking, or Joule cooking, with heat generated by flowing electric current through the foods is becoming popular in the kamaboko industry. Proteinase inhibitors such as blood plasma are used for Pacific whiting surimi infected by Myxosporidian parasites