Immunohistochemical Examination on the Distribution of Cells Expressed Lymphatic Endothelial Marker Podoplanin and LYVE-1 in the Mouse Tongue Tissue

The clinical study for lingual disease requires the detailed investigation of the lingual lymphatic network and lymphatic marker-positive cells. Recently, it has been reported that several tissue cells and leukocytes express lymphatic markers, LYVE-1 and podoplanin. This study was aimed to clarify the lingual distribution of cells expressing LYVE-1 and podoplanin. In the mouse tongue, podoplanin is expressed in nerve sheaths, lingual gland myoepithelial cells, and lymphatic vessels. LYVE-1 is expressed in the macrophage marker Mac-1-positive cells as well as lymphatic vessels, while factor-VIII was detected in only blood endothelial cells. α-SMA was detected in vascular smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells. Therefore, identification of lymphatic vessels in lingual glands, the combination of LYVE-1 and factor-VIII, or LYVE-1 and Mac-1 is useful because myoepithelial cells express podoplanin and α-SMA. The immunostaining of factor-VIII on lymphatic vessels was masked by the immunostaining to LYVE-1 or podoplanin because lymphatic vessels express factor-VIII to a far lesser extent than blood vessels. Therefore, except for the salivary glands, the combination of podoplanin and α-SMA, or factor-VIII is useful to identify lymphatic vessels and blood vessels with smooth muscle, or blood capillaries

Immunoelectron Microscopic Study of Podoplanin Localization in Mouse Salivary Gland Myoepithelium

We have recently reported that salivary gland cells express the lymphatic endothelial cell marker podoplanin. The present study was aimed to immunohistochemically investigate the expression of the myoepithelial cell marker α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) on podoplanin-positive cells in mouse parotid and sublingual glands, and to elucidate podoplanin localization in salivary gland myoepithelial cells by immunoelectron microscopic study. The distribution of myoepithelial cells expressing podoplanin and α-SMA was examined by immunofluorescent staining, and the localization of reaction products of anti-podoplanin antibody was investigated by pre-embedded immunoelectron microscopic method. In immunohistochemistry, the surfaces of both the mucous acini terminal portion and ducts were covered by a number of extensive myoepithelial cellular processes expressing podoplanin, and the immunostaining level with anti-podoplanin antibody to myoepithelial cells completely coincided with the immunostaining level with anti-α-SMA antibody. These findings suggest that podoplanin is a salivary gland myoepithelial cell antigen, and that the detection level directly reflects the myoepithelial cell distribution. In immunoelectron microscopic study, a number of reaction products with anti-podoplanin antibody were found at the Golgi apparatus binding to the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells between sublingual gland acinar cells, and were also found at the myoepithelial cell membrane. These findings suggest that salivary gland myoepithelial cells constantly produce podoplanin and glycosylate at the Golgi apparatus, and transport them to the cell membrane. Podoplanin may be involved in maintaining the homeostasis of myoepithelial cells through its characteristic as a mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein

ユウキセイ ハイキブツ ノ コンゴウ タイヒカ ニ カンスル キソテキ ケンキュウ トク ニ ナマゴミ オ チュウシン ト シテ

有機性廃棄物のリサイクル方法としては,今日,堆肥化が一般的である。筆者らは,リサイクルに"地産地消"の観点を加味し,本学農学部厚木キャンパス内で排出される各種有機性廃棄物の混合による混合堆肥化に関する一連の試験研究を行っている。本報は,従来の牛糞の堆肥化における(生牛糞+籾殻)を対照区とし,これに生ごみを加えた実験区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ)の他,各種有機性廃棄物を加えた実験区を設け,混合堆肥化試験を行ったところ,1,2の知見を得たので,その結果につき報告する。すなわち,1)実験区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ)では,対照区(生牛糞+籾殻)に比べ,堆肥化における初期温度が高温で推移したこと,2)これに米糠,戻し堆肥を添加した区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ+米糠ないし戻し堆肥)は,さらに初期温度が高温かつ安定的に推移したこと,等を確認した。There is a general method of composting organic wastes for the recycling of resources. We are conducting an experiment in mixing composting of several different organic wastes discharged in this university faculty of Agriculture Atsugi campus. Recycling of resources contains the viewpoint, "within product and consumption". This paper reports on the experiment of mixed composting of different organic manure mixes. That is, where fresh cattle manure, garbage, rice husks, sawdust, rice bran and return compost were used. The result of this experiments ; 1) when garbage as mixed into fresh cattle manure, the temperature of the first stage for composting was high, 2) and also when rice bran or return compost were added into the mixed materials, the temperature of the first stage for composting remained high and stable

カチク フンニョウ オ ゲンリョウ ト シタ バイオガスプラント カラ ハイシュツ サレル ハイキブツ ノ タイヒカ ニ カンスル キソテキ ケンキュウ

家畜糞尿からメタンガスを回収するバイオガスプラントは,すべての処理が密閉槽内で行われるため臭気対策の点においても有効な処理方式である。しかし,発酵前後に排出される大量の搾汁分離かすや汚泥の処理問題が残る。本研究は,これらの廃棄物の堆肥化を図るにあたり,まず,それぞれの廃棄物の特性を明らかにする目的で,総量10kg規模程度の基礎的試験を実施した。その結果,1)搾汁分離かすのみの調製では,調製後の温度上昇は大きいが乾燥しやすい特性を持つこと。2)搾汁分離かすに汚泥を混合することによって水分含有率が維持されること。3)汚泥の混合比率が高い場合は稲藁ないし米糠を加えることによって温度上昇が大きくなること,特に,4)稲藁を加えた場合は混合量が少量でも温度上昇は大きくなることを明らかにした。Bio-gasplant collects a methane gas from livestock excreta. This is a useful way of dealing with the bad smell because all treatment is carried out in closed tanks. But the treatment of digested sludge and other sludge discharged from the system becomes an issue. This study is an experiment in mixed composting of the digested sludge and other sludge. The purpose of this experiment is to grasp the essentials of the sludge for composting on a small scale ; 10kg approximately in total. The results show clearly 1) Only in digested sludge, the temperature of manure is high and it dries quickly;2) In case of other sludge mixed with digested sludge, the moisture of manure maintains a certain level ; 3) In case of higher portion digested sludge, the degree of temperature of the manure is raised by the addition of rice straw or rice bran and ; 4) even a small addition of rice straw on manure raises the degree of temperature of the manure

Responsiveness of genes to manipulation of transcription factors in ES cells is associated with histone modifications and tissue specificity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In addition to determining static states of gene expression (high vs. low), it is important to characterize their dynamic status. For example, genes with H3K27me3 chromatin marks are not only suppressed but also poised for activation. However, the responsiveness of genes to perturbations has never been studied systematically. To distinguish gene responses to specific factors from responsiveness in general, it is necessary to analyze gene expression profiles of cells responding to a large variety of disturbances, and such databases did not exist before.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We estimated the responsiveness of all genes in mouse ES cells using our recently published database on expression change after controlled induction of 53 transcription factors (TFs) and other genes. Responsive genes (<it>N </it>= 4746), which were readily upregulated or downregulated depending on the kind of perturbation, mostly have regulatory functions and a propensity to become tissue-specific upon differentiation. Tissue-specific expression was evaluated on the basis of published (GNF) and our new data for 15 organs and tissues. Non-responsive genes (<it>N </it>= 9562), which did not change their expression much following any perturbation, were enriched in housekeeping functions. We found that TF-responsiveness in ES cells is the best predictor known for tissue-specificity in gene expression. Among genes with CpG islands, high responsiveness is associated with H3K27me3 chromatin marks, and low responsiveness is associated with H3K36me3 chromatin, stronger tri-methylation of H3K4, binding of E2F1, and GABP binding motifs in promoters.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We thus propose the responsiveness of expression to perturbations as a new way to define the dynamic status of genes, which brings new insights into mechanisms of regulation of gene expression and tissue specificity.</p

Degenerative changes in the appendicular joints of ancient human populations from the Japan Islands

Degenerative changes in six major limb joints were investigated to compare their prevalence among five ancient skeletal populations from the Japan Islands. The populations assessed in this study consisted of the farmers in the northern Kyushu/Yamaguchi area and the foragers from the northwestern Kyushu area from the Yayoi period (5th century BC to 3rd century AD); the Okhotsk (5th to 12th centuries AD) foragers from Hokkaido and Sakhalin; the common people from medieval Kamakura (12th to 14th centuries AD) in Kanto, central Japan; and the early-modern farmers (17th to 19th centuries AD) from Kumejima, in the southernmost island chain (Ryukyu Islands). Crude prevalence comparisons showed that the shoulder and hip joints were principally affected in early-modern Kumejima and medieval Kamakura, which contrasted with the high prevalence of elbow and knee joint changes in the Okhotsk people. The heavy dependence on marine mammals and fish for dietary protein intake probably required flexion and extension movements of the most severely degenerated joints in the Okhotsk people. The northern Kyushu/Yamaguchi and northwestern Kyushu Yayoi peoples were more affected by degeneration in the wrist joints than others, possibly due to their use of innovative tools such as stone or shell knives and harpoons. A multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, region, and sex as the predictor variables for degenerative changes in joints, was applied to only the two samples from Kumejima and Kamakura (including previously reported spine data) because of their better preservation. This revealed differences in the prevalence of changes in some joints; for example, age-related changes were recognized. The Kumejima people were more commonly affected by hip and knee joint changes, whereas the Kamakura people were more commonly affected by changes to apophyseal joints. Because a stable isotope analysis indicated that the trophic levels of the two populations were almost the same, the pattern of degenerative changes would have reflected differences in their specific workloads, such as wet rice cultivation using a peculiar hoe by the Kumejima people. This study, combining multivariate logistic regression analysis of degenerative joint changes and stable isotope analyses, uses large skeletal populations to add clarity to the actual rigors of ancient life. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA

Synthesis and behaviour of RNA as shown by radioautography in mouse tissues in vivo.

Progress in the investigation of nucleic acids has been unexpectedly rapid during the past decade. They, like proteins, carbohydrates and fats, have been recognized as indispensable constituents of all living organisms and, indeed, of all tissues. Two, and only two, kinds of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), have been identified in living tissues. The morphological evidences of nuclear conjugation at fertilization, and the succeeding nuclear divisions led to the belief that the main genetic material is in the nucleus and consists of the nuclear chromatin