Procena vrednosti objekata za čuvanje stočne hrane

In order to keep milk production economically effective in contemporary business environment, it is necessary to use appropriate types and combinations of animal feed. This means that the bulky part of the meal for the cows has to be based on the use of corn silage, with the addition of small amounts of alfalfa hay. This combination of forage allows for high milk production per cow, while keeping production costs low. However, this concept of nutrition is related to high investments in appropriate facilities for the storage of animal feed. To evaluate the economic effectiveness of investments in modern feed storages, a method of present value of investment is used. Determined present value of investment is compared with the corresponding construction costs of the objects at different prices of animal feed and various assumed losses due to its inadequate storage.Da bi u savremenim uslovima poslovanja proizvodnja mleka bila ekonomski opravdana, neophodno je koristiti odgovarajuće vrste i kombinacije stočnih hraniva. To znači da se kabasti deo obroka za krave mora zasnivati na korišćenju kukuruzne silaže, uz dodatak manje količine sena lucerke. Ovakva kombinacija kabastih hraniva omogućava visoku proizvodnju mleka po kravi, uz održavanje troškova proizvodnje na niskom nivou. Međutim, navedeni koncept ishrane vezan je za visoka investiciona ulaganja u odgovarajuće objekte za smeštaj stočne hrane. Da bi se utvrdila ekonomska efektivnost investicionih ulaganja u moderne objekte za čuvanje stočne hrane, korišćena je metoda prinosne vrednosti investicije. Utvrđena prinosna vrednost poređena je sa odgovarajućim troškovima izgradnje navedenih objekata, pri različitim cenama stočne hrane i različitim pretpostavljenim gubicima usled njenog neadekvatnog skladištenja

Ekonomska efikasnost investicija u proizvodnji mleka na porodičnim gazdinstvima

Dairy production in Republic of Serbia is conducted primarily at family farms. However, these farms mostly posses small number of cows, so that they are not capable to apply modern technical and technological solutions concerning housing and feeding of cows. Small family farms can not purchase contemporary milking equipment; thus, they have no possibility to produce high quality milk. Therefore it is necessary to direct towards formation of large family dairy farms. Consequently, it is needed to provide sources of financing for very high investments, which are indispensable. To determine whether investments in dairy production at large family farms are economically efficient and financially feasible, appropriate model of family farm has been formed. This model was used to apply dynamical methods of investment evaluation, such as Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Payoff method. It is determined that investing in large family dairy farms is economically efficient, as well as financially feasible.Proizvodnja mleka u Srbiji odvija se prvenstveno na porodičnim poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima. Međutim, ova gazdinstva većinom poseduju mali broj krava, pa nisu u mogućnosti da primenjuju moderna tehnička i tehnološka rešenja u smeštaju i ishrani krava. Mala porodična gazdinstva ne mogu nabaviti savremene muzne uređaje, pa su zato onemogućena da proizvode mleko visokog kvaliteta. Zbog toga treba ići prema formiranju krupnih porodičnih gazdinstava za proizvodnju mleka. U tom cilju potrebno je obezbediti izvore finansiranja za veoma visoka investiciona ulaganja, koja su neophodna. Da bi se utvrdilo da li su ulaganja u proizvodnju mleka na krupnim porodičnim gazdinstvima ekonomski opravdana i finansijski prihvatljiva, formiran je odgovarajući model porodičnog gazdinstva. Na njemu su primenjene metode dinamičke ocene investicija, kao što su neto sadašnja vrednost, interna kamatna stopa i rok povraćaja. Utvrđeno je da je investiranje u krupna porodična gazdinstva za proizvodnju mleka ekonomski opravdano, kao i finansijski prihvatljivo

Primena metoda ekvivalenta sigurnosti za ocenu rizika investiranja u proizvodnji mleka na porodičnim gazdinstvima

Bearers of cattle production in Serbia are small family farms. Such farms should change significantly their business operations in order to be competitive and to enable existence in future. That implies cattle breading in modern barns, use of modern equipment and nutrition improvement. However, to achieve such goal significant investments are needed. The most common production type at Serbian family farms is combination of milk, heifers and steers production. Comparing to other cattle production types, this production type requires very high investments. At the same time, such investments are connected to significant risks. The risks are caused by fluctuations of milk price, steer price, fodder costs etc. To evaluate economic effectiveness of investments in above mentioned farm type, on appropriate model were applied dynamical methods for investment evaluation. In addition, financial feasibility of investment was examined, assuming the most unfavorable financing conditions. To evaluate economic effectiveness of investment in risky circumstances, certainty equivalent method has been used. This method is not prominent and adequately used in our scientific and professional practice.Nosioci govedarske proizvodnje u Srbiji su sitna porodična gazdinstva. Da bi ova gazdinstva u budućnosti opstala i bila konkurentna, ona moraju uvesti značajne izmene u svoje poslovanje. To podrazumeva držanje goveda u modernim objektima, korišćenje savremene opreme i poboljšanje načina ishrane. Međutim, da bi se to ostvarilo neophodna su značajna investiciona ulaganja. U Srbiji je na porodičnim gazdinstvima najviše zastupljen tip proizvodnje koji podrazumeva kombinaciju proizvodnje mlijeka, junica i tovne junadi. U poređenju sa ostalim tipovima govedarske proizvodnje, ovaj tip proizvodnje zahteva veoma visoka investiciona ulaganja. Istovremeno, ovakva su ulaganja vezana sa značajnim rizicima, koji su izazvani variranjem cene mleka, cena tovne junadi, troškova stočne hrane i sl. Da bi se ispitala ekonomska efektivnost ulaganja u navedeni tip farmi, na odgovarajućem modelu su primenjene dinamičke metode za ocenu investicija. Pored toga ispitana je i finansijska prihvatljivost investicije, pod pretpostavkom najnepovoljnijih uslova finansiranja. Za ocenu ekonomske efektivnosti investicije u uslovima rizika primenjen je metod ekvivalenta sigurnosti, koji nije dovoljno poznat i korišćen u našoj naučnoj i stručnoj praksi

Uticaj različitih tipova kombajna za ubiranje kamilice na kvalitet ubiranja i visinu dobiti u proizvodnji kamilice

This paper presents the results of three conceptually different types of chamomile harvester and their impact on the quality of the harvested chamomile and profit during the production process. Three working modes of each harvester are considered and values of realized losses and the quality of harvested chamomile are determined. It was found that choosing the type of engaged harvester and its working mode can affect the quality of harvested chamomile, as well as the profit achieved in the entire production process.U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tri koncepcijski različita tipa kombajna za ubiranje kamilice i njihov uticaj na kvalitet ubrane sirovine i ostvarenu dobit tokom procesa proizvodnje. Posmatrana su tri režima rada svakog od kombajna i utvrđeni su vrednosti ostvarenih gubitaka i kvaliteta ubrane kamilice. Utvrđeno je da se izborom tipa angažovanog kombajna i režima rada može uticati na kvalitet ubrane kamilice, kao i na ostvarenu dobit u celokupnom proizvodnom ciklusu

Energetski potencijal produkata rezidbe voćarskih i vinogradarskih zasada Srbije

Modern technologies of the fruit and wine production include implementation of the intensive plantation pruning where the accumulated considerable amounts of plant biomass residue have significant environmental and energy value. Thermal energy and the use of pruning residues as biomass are important from the point of view of environmental protection and the closed-cycle of CO2 emission and consumption. Remains of the pruning in the orchards represent a problem during the implementation of agricultural practices, so necessity for their disposal from these surfaces exists. Fossil fuel limited reserves and the environmental pollution impose the necessity of finding alternative and renewable energy resources with the environmental pollution reduction. Very important problem is to correctly define the optimal technical solutions and technologies for utilization of machine pruning of fruit trees and vines, which will increase the energy efficiency of the production. Outdated technologies, extensive production and inefficient consumption of energy in our country environment, haven’t been helping in the suitable application of the collecting, preparing and using of the remains of the pruning. The prerequisite for the study of the economic and technical feasibility for the using of pruning residues (biomaterials) are the information about the quantity, the energy potential, the workmanship, the transportability, the price, the storage convenience, the preservation and the combustion. The essential starting point for this research is the annually definition of the energy potential of the pruning residues.Savremene tehnologije voćarsko-vinogradarske proizvodnje podrazumevaju sprovođenje intenzivne rezidbe zasada gde nastaju znatne količine biljnih ostatka koji predstavljaju biomasu znatne ekološke i energetske vrednosti. Dobijanje toplotne energije i upotreba ostataka rezidbe kao biomase značajna je sa stanovišta zaštite okoline, zbog zatvorenog ciklusa emisije i potrošnje CO2. Ostaci rezidbe u zasadima predstavljaju problem u sprovođenju agrotehničkih mera, tako da je neophodno njihovo iznošenje sa navedenih površina. Ograničene rezerve fosilnih goriva i veliko zagađenje životne sredine nameću potrebu iznalaženja alternativnih i obnovljivih izvora energije koji istovremeno smanjuju ekološko zagađenje. Veoma aktuelni problem predstavlja definisanje optimalnih tehnologija i tehničkih rešenja mašina za korišćenje ostataka rezidbe voćaka i vinove loze, što znatno povećava energetsku efikasnost ove proizvodnje. Zastarele tehnologije, ekstenzivna proizvodnja i neracionalno raspolaganje energijom, u našim uslovima, prikupljanje, obrada, priprema i korišćenje biljnih ostataka nisu našli adekvatnu primenu. Preduslov za istraživanje ekonomske i tehničke opravdanosti korišćenja ostataka rezidbe (biomaterijala) predstavljaju podaci o količini, energetskom potencijalu, načinu obrade, transportabilnosti, ceni, pogodnosti za skladištenje, čuvanje i sagorevanje. Najznačajnije polazište tom istraživanju je definisanje energetskog potencijala ostataka rezidbe na godišnjem nivou

Mehanizovani postupci pripreme i obrade komposta od rezidbenih ostataka voćarsko-vinogradarske proizvodnje

This paper is part of research about the effects of mechanized process of fragmentation of pruning residues on the composting process. Compost, as a form of organic fertilizer, requires specific production treatment depending on the form of biomass. Pruning residues from fruit-vine production can be translated into quality organic fertilizer, but it is necessary to coordinate mechanized treatment of biomass and technology of composting process with microbiological processes for organic matter decomposition.Rad predstavlja deo istraživanja uticaja mehanizovanih procesa usitnjavanja rezidbenih ostataka na proces kompostiranja. Kompost kao vid organskog đubriva zahteva specifičan tretman proizvodnje u zavisnosti od vida biomase. Rezidbeni ostaci iz voćarsko-vinogradarske proizvodnje se mogu prevesti u kvalitetno organsko đubrivo, ali je potrebno uskladiti mehanizovane procese obrade biomase i tehnologiju kompostiranja sa mikrobiološkim procesima razlaganja organske materije

Efekti mehanizovanog načina aplikacije tečnog startnog đubriva u proizvodnji kukuruza

Conventional corn production assumes usage of standard inorganic fertilizers which can be added to the soil by different methods. Unlike conventional production, this research was conducted with assumption that by using different application rates of basic and liquid starter fertilizers, as well as, with improved method of their application, higher yield values and lower moisture content of harvested kernels would be realized. This paper explored influence of mechanized application with different rates and ways of broadcasting basic and liquid starter fertilizer to the soil for corn production. Liquid starter fertilizers were applied concurrently with plantation in two ways: in lanes and spots individually for each plant. The results obtained show that kernel yield was higher in areas where starter fertilizer application was performed for 1.79 t•ha-1, while kernel moisture contents was 3.6% lower compared to results obtained over control surfaces.Konvencionalna proizvodnja kukuruza podrazumeva upotrebu standardnih mineralnih hraniva koja se u zemljiše mogu uneti na različite načine. Za razliku od konvencionalne proizvodnje, ova istraživanja su sprovedena uz predpostavku da će se primenom različitih normi osnovnih i tečnih startnih đubriva kao i unapređenim načinom njihove aplikacije ostvariti veće vrednosti prinosa i niži sadržaj vlage ubranog zrna. U radu je istraživan uticaj mehanizovane aplikacije različitih normi i načina unošenja osnovnog i tečnog startnog đubriva u zemljište pri proizvodnji merkantilnog kukuruza. Aplikacija tečnih startnih đubriva vršena je istovremeno sa setvom i to na dva načina: u trake i tačke pojedinačno za svaku biljku. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je prinos zrna na površinama gde je vršena aplikacija startnog đubriva viši za 1,79 t•ha-1, dok je sadržaj vlažnosti zrna niži za 3,6% u odnosu na rezultate dobijene na kontrolnoj površini

Pogodnosti primene samohodnih nosača oruđa u mehanizaciji poljoprivrede

For a very long time, tractor development was a consequence of need for improvement. During this period, some important factors were neglected, like: energy consumption decrease, better quality of accomplishing agrotechnical quests, decrease of soil gauge, enhancement of agrotechnical characteristics, which all means creating basic drive machine with higher level of technical and economical validity. Self-propelling chassis have numerous advantages over classical tractor solution: very suitable placement of working machines and equipment, good maneuvering, improved pulling characteristics as a result of optimal distribution of weights and balasts on steering and driving wheels. In this work, a new solutions of designing a layout of self-propelling chassis have been presented, as well as comparison of characteristics of classical tractor and selfpropelling chassis. There is also shown an archetype of self-propelling chassis which is assigned in surface treatment and organisation of soil, dirt paths and passages for mobile irrigation systems.Razvoj traktora u dugom periodu je bio vezan za njegova poboljšanja. Za to vreme, neki uticajni faktori su zanemarivani: smanjenje utroška energije, kvalitetnije ispunjavanje agrotehničkih zahteva, smanjenje gaženja zemljišta, poboljšanje agrotehničkih karakteristika, odnosno osvajanje rešenja osnovne pogonske mašine sa većim stepenom tehničke i ekonomske opravdanosti. Samohodni nosači oruđa poseduju niz prednosti u odnosu na klasično rešenje traktora: pogodan izbor mesta postavljanja radnih mašna, dobra sposobnost upravljanja, poboljšanje vučnih karakteristika, što je obezbeđeno pravilnom preraspodelom težina i opterećenja na pogonske i upravljačke točkove. U radu su prikazane mogućnosti komponovanja osnove šeme samohodnih nosača oruđa i uporedne karakteristike klasičnog rešenja traktora i samohodnog nosača oruđa. Prikazano je izvedeno rešenje (prototip) samohodnog nosača oruđa koje je namenjeno uređenju zemljišta po površini, zemljanih puteva i staza za kretanje mobilnih sistema za navodnjavanje

Istraživanje novog tehničko-tehnološkog rešenja u zasnivanju voćnjaka kombinovanim oruđem rigoler –razrivač u obradi zemljišta

Modern agriculture requires the use of modern technology, with new technical and technological solutions. Basic agro-technical operation in phase of establishing orchards and vineyards that requires large amounts of energy is plowing, for its specificity called rigoling. Trenching phase consumes greatest portion of energy int he processing and preparation of land in general and especially for the establishment of cultural agricultural fruit-grape production. There are more operational technologies, and this paper analyses classical technology, and combined technology using rigoler and plowing tools for soil cultivation. When classic technologies are applied, soil is cut and sectioned, moved and crushed, thus creating loose soil layer. The depth of processed soil is different for different fruitgrape crops, depending on the needs of the root system, as penetration depth and the breadth of development, ranging between 60 and 100 cm. Such technology moves active soil layer to the inactive bottom of the furrow, while inactive soil layer is removed to the surface. This technology has to be defined for different soil types. Combined technical-technological solution using a rigoler with built-in plow enables the achievement of working depth required by the root system, but the inactive soil layer is not moved to the surface of the plowed soil. The lower topsoil layer is only shaken and broken. Work technology combining rigoler and plow in one pass, can significantly increase technological production, while saving significant amounts of energy. This technology should be applied to avoid unnecessary expenditure of energy.U radu su prikazani rezultati ostvarenih vučnih otpora pri rigolovanju zemljišta sa plugom rigolerom na dubini od 60 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm i 90 cm, kao i vučni otpori rigolera sa dodatnim radnim organom u obliku dleta. Dodatkom dleta, dubina rigolovanja po varijantama rada, povećana je za 10 cm, 15 cm i 20 cm. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da na povećanim dubinama rigolovanja, specifičan otpor zemljišta ima nepromenjenu vrednost kao i pri samom rigolovanju. Ovo se postiže time što je odnos povećane dubine rigolovanja veći od povećanog vučnog otpora sa dodatkom dleta. Ekonomičnost upotrebe dleta je do 70 cm rigolovanja i 20 cm dubine rada dleta. Iznad 70 cm rigolovanja primena dleta se ekonomski smanjuje, jer se na toj dubini ispunjava agrotehnički zahtev

Uticaj jesenje obrade na sabijanje teških zemljišta

Soil compaction caused by traffic of heavy vehicles and machinery results in soil structure deterioration, both in the topsoil and in the subsoil. Changes in agricultural production technique have been dramatic over the past few decades. Tillage intesity has increased or decreased depending on local circumstances, but in all cases there has been a steady upward trend in tractor power and machinery axle load. Increased loads are causing damage to the structure of the soil. This damage has increased the risk of soil erosion and raised the energy demand for cultivation. In this paper using of agicultural mechanization are presents, in heavy soil autumn tillage. Parameters of compaction marsh soil are rewieved. Penetration resistance or soil cone index was measured to quantify the level of soil compaction.Sabijenost zemljišta prouzrokovana saobraćajem teških vozila i mašina rezultira kvarenje strukture zemljišta, u gornjem (površinskom) i donjem (dubokom) sloju zemljišta. Promene u poljoprivrednoj tehnici su bile velike zadnjih decenija. Intenzitet obrade se povećavao ili smanjivao u zavisnosti od lokalnih okolnosti, ali u svim slučajevima je trend stalnog povećanja snage traktorskog motora i osovinskog opterećenja mašina. Povećanje opterećenja prouzrokuje oštećenje strukture zemljišta, koje povećava rizik od erozije zemljišta i povećava potrošnju energije za obradu. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja korišćenja sredstava mehanizacije poljoprivrede u jesenjoj obradi teških zemljišta. Prikazani su parametri sabijanja ritske crnice. Otpor penetracije ili zemljišni indeks konusa (CI) je meren za kvantitativno određivanje nivoa sabijenosti zemljišta