Study of Green Nanoparticles and Biocomplexes Based on Exopolysaccharide by Modern Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

The intention of this chapter is to contribute in clarification of nanoparticle synthesis and biocomplexes based on exopolysaccharide, green synthetic method development, their physico‐chemical characterization by modern spectroscopy, as well as testing of their antimicrobial activity. Silver nanoparticles of polysaccharide type have scientific interest, but practical importance too, because of their application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic product development due to proven antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the biocomplexes based on exopolysaccharides are important in treatment of biometal deficiency in human and veterinary medicine, as well as in metal ion transporting in organism. Despite a number of studies of this kind of complexes, the investigations of effect of their structure to pharmaco‐biological activity are still interesting. It is important that question of interaction between reducing and stabilizing agents with metal ions is still opened. In this respect, the presented chapter offers further progress in the examination of silver nanoparticles and cobalt biocomplex synthesis with dextran oligosaccharides and its derivatives (such as dextran sulfate and carboxymethyl dextran). The complex structure, spectroscopic characterization, and the spectra‐structure correlation have been analyzed by different Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques combined with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface plasmon resonance UV‐Vis methods

Iron complexes of pharmaceutical interest: Antianemics

Preparations based on different compounds of bi- and trivalent iron are curently used for the prevention and therapy of sideropenic anemia in human and veterinary medicine. The application of preparations based on dextran started about 1950. Up to now, synthesis and production of preparations were performed with the purpose of improving pharmacological performance by using dextran oligosaccharides with different weight - average molar masses and their oxidized and hydrogenated derivatives. Synthesis of polynuclear iron(lll) complexs with other oligosaccharides (inulin and pullulan) and their derivatives was developed, with potential or valid pharmacological activity for sideropenic anemia treatment.A Review of iron(lll) complexes with different oligosaccharides, their physico-chemical characterization pharmaco-biological performance, global structure, further research and possible applications of then complexes, are presented in this paper

Acid and enyzymatic hyrolysis of Solanum tuberosum L. glycoalkaloids - Comparison results

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The effect of hydrodistillation technique on the yield and composition of essential oil from the seed of petroselinum crispum (mill.) Nym. Ex. A.W. Hill

The essential oil was isolated from the seed of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex. A.W. Hill by using different techniques of Clevenger-type hydrodistillation. The highest yield of oil, after five consecutive hydrodistillation runs (3.9 mL/100 g of plant material), was obtained by the technique in which water from the still flask was separated by filtration and used together with fresh water for immersing the plant material in a subsequent distillation. Regardless of the technique used, the oil contained different amounts of α-pinene, ß-p/nene, limonene, 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxy-1-allylbenzene, apiole and 1,2-benzenedicarbonic acid

Investigation into the potential chemical mechanism of the pro-oxidant activity of carotenoids with liposomes under UV-irradiation

This study focuses on the behavior of β-carotene and lutein inside multilamellar liposomes under continuous UV-irradiation. The liposomes were obtained by the thin film method and carotenoids (Crts) were incorporated by mixing at various concentrations (0.005, 0.0075, 0.02, 0.07 and 0.5 mol %). Liposomes formation and the presence of Crts inside them were confirmed by SEM microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy, respectively. The antioxidant/pro- -oxidant activity of Crts inside liposomes was determined by the thiobarbituric acid–malondialdehyde (TBA–MDA) test. The investigated Crts acted more or less unexpected (as pro-oxidants) inside the lipid bilayers, interacting with the UV-produced lipid radicals and simultaneously suffering under the UV-irradiation. Their pro-oxidant activity with liposomes and under UV-irradiation could be explained by the formation of unstable adducts in the reaction with peroxyl radicals, or by Crts-cation radicals formation via the electron transfer mechanism. Such tentatively unexpected behavior of carotenoids should be taken into consideration in further carotenoids-based UV-filters projections in cosmetic formulations for skin protection. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR-34012

Kinetika hidrodestilacije i sastav etarskog ulja fermentiranog semena peršuna

The effect of fermentation conditions on the yield and composition of the essential oil from Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex. A.W. Hill seeds was studied. The yield of essential oil was determined by a Clevenger-type apparatur, and the composition of the oil by GC analysis. The highest yield of essential oil (5.90 mL per 100 g, i.e. 96.7% in regard to the oil content in parsley seeds) was obtained from disintegrated parsley seeds fermented for 4 h at 30°C with a hydromodulus of 1:20 w/v, after the sixth hydrodistillation each lasting 240 minutes. The obtained oil contained α-pinene, ß-pinene, sabinene, myristicin, 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxy-1-allylbenzene, apiole and 1,2 benzene-dicarbonic acid. The density of the oil (d25) was 1.039 g/mL3, the refractive index, (nD20) was 1.5214 and the oil solubility was 8 volume parts of 80% vol. ethanol for 1 mL of oil.Peršun (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex. A.W. Hill) je dvogodišnja biljka poznata po antimikrobnom, baktericidnom, hipotenzitivnom, laksativnom, diuretičnom i spazmolitičkom dejstvu. Seme peršuna sadrži 3-7% etarskog ulja koje se uglavnom dobija parnom destilacijom. U radu je ispitan uticaj uslova fermentacije na prinos i sastav etarskog ulja iz nesamlevenog i samlevenog semena peršuna. Seme je fermentirano na temperaturama 28-39°C u toku 2-8 sati i za­tim praćena kinetika hidrodestilacije etarskog ulja. Prinos ulja određen je primenom Clevenger-aparature, a sastav ulja GC analizom. Prinos i sastav ulja zavise od uslova fermentacije i mlevenja semena. Najveći prinos ulja (5,90 mL/100 g biljnog materijala, odnosno 96,7% u odnosu na sadržaj ulja u semenu) ostvaren je sa samlevenim semenom peršuna fermentiranim na temperaturi 30°C, u toku 4 sati, pri hidromodulu 1:20 m/v i hidrodestilacijom u seriji od šest uzastopnih proba. Korišćen je postupak hidrodestilacije u kome se vodena faza suspenzije iz prethodnih destilacija koristi za kvašenje biljnog materijala u narednim destilacijama. U ulju su gasnom hromatografijom identifikovani α-pinen, ß-pinen, sabinen, miristicin, 2,3,4,5-tetrametoksi-1-alilbenzen, apiol i 1,2-benzendikarbonska kiselina. U literaturi se sve komponente izuzev sabinena, 1,2 benzendikarbonske kiseline i mirtenala, pominju kao komponente identifikovane u ulju semena peršuna. Gustina ulja (d25) je 1,039 g/mL, indeks refrakcije (nD20) 1,5214, a 8 zapreminskih delova 80% vol. etanola je potrebno za rastvaranje 1 mL ulja. Vrednosti fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika dobijenih ulja pokazuju dobro slaganje sa literaturnim podacima

Separation of digoxin by luiquid-luiquid extraction from extracts of foxglove secondary glycosides

The present study deals with the extraction of digoxin (Dgx) from chloroform and trichloroethylene extracts of the secondary glycosides of fermented foxglove (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) foliage by liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction degree (ED) of Dgx achieved by maceration and percolation using 10% vol. aqueous ethanol solutions were higher than 95%. Using trichlorethylene and chloroform, the ED of Dgx of about 100% and 96%, respectively from the liquid ethanolic extracts (macerate or percolate) were achieved by the four-cycle extraction. Fifteen separating funnels were employed for the liquid-liquid extraction. Three different four-component two-phase systems (ethanol:water - chloroform:ethyl acetate, ethanol:water - chloroform:trichloroethylene and ethanol:water - trichloroethylene:ethyl acetate) were tested as an extracting solvent to get the final product having more than 98% of Dgx. The initial amount of the chloroform or trichloroethylene extract in the light phase was varied between 5 and 25 g/L, while the volume ratio of light and heavy phases was in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. The best Dgx yield of 98% was achieved with the system ethanol:water - chloroform:trichloroethylene 35:15:20:30 at the volume ratio of the phases of 1:1.1 and at the initial amount of the extract of 15 g/L. Purity of the separated digoxin was 99.8 %. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-34012

Correlation between UV-VIS spectra and the structure of Cu(II) complexes with hydrogenated dextran in alkaline solutions

UV-VIS spectrophotometric investigations of Cu(II) complexes with hydroge-nated dextran showed that the complexation of Cu(II)-ions began at pH > 7. The formation of Cu(II) complexes with dextran monomer units was observed at pH 7-12. With further increase in solution pH > 12, the Cu(II)-dextran complex decomposed to Cu(OH)42~-ions and dextran. With increasing solution pH the absorption maximum of complex solutions increased and shifted to shorter wavelength (hypsochromic shift) compared with uncomplexed Cu(II). The UV spectra displayed bathochromic shifts. The changes of UV-VIS spectra with increasing in solution pH confirmed the formation of different kinds of complex species. The correlation between the results of UV-VIS spectrophotometry and the central metal ionligand coordination predicted that the copper binding within the complex depended on the pH and participation H2O molecules. Dextran complexes with Cu(II) were formed by the displacement of water molecules from the coordination sphere of copper by OH groups. The analysis indicated that the Cu(II) center was coordinated to two glucopyranose units of dextran. The spectrophotometric parameters of the investigated complexes were characteristic of a Cu(II)-ion in a square-planar or tetragon ally distorted octahedral coordination

The investigation of Co(II)-dextran complexes

Co(II) ion complex compounds were synthesized with reduced dextran (RD) in alkali solutions using CoCl2, 6H2O and isolated in the solid state. UV-VIS spectrophotometric investigations of Co(II) complexes with reduced dextran showed that the complexation of Co(II) ions begins at pH over 7. The formation of Co(II) ion complexes with dextran monomer units was observed at pH 7-13. With increase in solution pH the light absorption maximum of complex solutions shifts to longer wavelengths (bat-hochromic shift) compared with [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion. Dextran complexes with Co(II) ion are formed by the displacement of water molecules from the coordination sphere of cobalt by the OH ligand groups. The spectrophotometric parameters of the investigated complexes are characteristic of a Co(II) ion in octahedral or distorted octahedral coordination with O ligand atoms

Sinteza CaO nanešenog na Al2O3 od prekursora kalcujum acetata i njegova primena u transesterifikaciji suncokretovog ulja

Transesterification of sunflower oil was carried out over CaO loaded onto γ-Al2O3 as heterogeneous base catalysts. The solid base catalysts were syn­thesized by the modified wet impregnation of calcium acetate monohydrate onto neutral γ-Al2O3, calcined at different temperatures in an inert atmosphere and characterized by FESEM, XRPD and FTIR techniques. The catalyst con­taining 5.5 wt. % CaO supported on γ-Al2O3 calcined at 700°C exhibited the highest FAME yield at mild reaction conditions (60°C, atmospheric pressure, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1 and 0.51% of active species-CaO by weight of oil). The best CaO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed a similar or lower catalytic activity than some other CaO-based catalysts at a smaller amount of the catalyst (at least two times less than in other studies).Transesterifikacija jestivog suncokretovog ulja izvršena je korišćenjem CaO nanešenog na γ-Al2O3 kao heterogenog baznog katalizatora. Katalizator je si-ntetisan korišćenjem modifikovane metode mokre impregnacije gde je kalcijum acetat monohidrat kao precursor nanešen na neutralnu γ-Al2O3. Karakterizacija katalizatora je urađena korišćenjem sledećih metoda: FESEM, XRPD i FTIR. Na katalitičku aktivnost, a samim tim i prinos metil estara masnih kiselina, utiču morfologija i sastav katalizatora pripremljenog kalcinacijom na različitim temperatu­rama. U reakciji transesterifikacije suncokretovog ulja pri umerenim reakcionim uslovima (60°C, molski odnos metanola:ulja 9:1 i količina CaO 0,51% u odnosu na masu ulja) katalitički najaktivniji je katalizator sa 5,5 mas. % CaO nanešenih na nosač i kalcinisan na 700°C. U poređenju sa literaturnim rezultatima drugih katalizatora baziranih na CaO, primenjenim u sličnim reakcionim uslovima CaO/ γ-Al2O3 je pokazao sličnu ili nižu katalitičku aktivnost. Razlog tome je zato što je u ovom radu korišćena najmanje dva puta manja količina katalizatora po eksperimentu u odnosu na istraživanja sa kojima je vršeno poređenje