2,883 research outputs found
Just Another Day at the Office: An Investigation Into How Public College Administrators Balance the First Amendment Rights of the Student Press and the Broader Interests of Their Campuses
Courts have ruled for decades that student journalists at public colleges and universities are entitled to constitutional protection. As a result, higher education officials are faced regularly with dilemmas that pit the free campus press against what the administration sees as the greater good of the institution at large. With a summary of relevant case law as its backdrop, this qualitative study describes how public college administrators balance the First Amendment rights of the campus press and the broader interests of their institutions.
A number of authors have suggested that open dialogue and mutual understanding are crucial for a healthy relationship between college administrators and campus press stakeholders. This study is important because it will help generate that discussion. Furthermore, this study fills a gap in the literature. No qualitative research investigating this issue of balance has been published since a federal courtâs ruling in Hosty v. Carter (2005), the most recent â and perhaps most controversial â decision concerning First Amendment protection of the collegiate press.
Using a sampling strategy that maximizes variation among the participants, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with nine public college administrators in the Southeast. Theoretical saturation was reached at about the seventh interview.
Four thematic strategies emerged from the data that describe how the participants perform the balancing act at focus in this study. Consistent with the grounded theory approach, these findings constitute a theoretical framework that helps explain the phenomenon being investigated: (1) supporting a free campus press, (2) keeping the lines of communication open, (3) knowing how to manage controversy, and (4) resolving that they may have to intervene
Testing explosives
The following tests and experiments were carried on to determine: first, the utility of a certain well known method of making comparative tests of explosives and second; to show some of the conditions that influence the force and effect of a blast, such as the size of detonator, the use of tamping, the size of bore hole, and the size and number of free faces exposed to the blast --Introduction, page 1
Modelling the rate of trainees transitioning to Fellowship before achieving competence under the RANZCPâs Alternative Assessment Pathway to the Objective Structured Clinical Examination
Objective: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been removed from the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatristsâ (RANZCP) training pathway. This decision occurred in the context of an Alternative Assessment Pathway (AAP) necessitated by Covid-19, justified by logistical, methodological and equity concerns. The false positive rate of trainees progressing to Fellowship before achieving competence is a key indicator for evaluating any assessment leading to psychiatric Fellowship. Variations in the statistical properties of the AAP and OSCE were analysed for their impact on pre-competent trainees progressing to Fellowship.
Method: Starting with the false positive scenario presented to justify discontinuing the OSCE, false positive rates associated with the AAP and OSCE were calculated based on different assumptions about reliability and accuracy.
Results: The analyses suggest that less reliable and less accurate alternatives to the OSCE, such as the AAP, increase the number of pre-competent trainees progressing to Fellowship.
Conclusions: Given possible increases in pre-competent trainees progressing to Fellowship while alternatives to the OSCE are finalised, confidence in the RANZCP's training program demands robust public analyses of those alternatives
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Initial case for splitting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and oxygen.
The Effect of Exercise, Prewrap, and Athletic Tape on the Maximal Active and Passive Ankle Resistance to Ankle Inversion
This investigation explored alternatives to the null hy potheses that maximal active and passive resistance to inversion developed by a near-maximally inverted and weightbearing ankle is not altered by 1) the use of prophylactic adhesive athletic tape, 2) the use of non- adhesive prewrap (underwrap), or 3) 40 minutes of vigorous exercise. Ten healthy men and 10 healthy women (mean age, 25 ¹ 3 years) with no recent ankle injuries underwent testing to determine maximal ankle resistance to inversion under unipedal, weightbearing conditions. Tests were performed with and without the support of athletic tape, and before and after 40 min utes of exercise. Half the testing sessions were per formed with prewrap under the tape. At 15° of inver sion, without any external ankle support, healthy young men and women could maximally resist a mean (SD) inversion moment of 52.9 (6.4) N-m and 28.3 (5.8) N-m, respectively. Although use of ankle tape provided a 10% increase in maximal resistance to inversion moments, this increase diminished to insignificant lev els after 40 minutes of vigorous exercise. Use of pre wrap improved maximal resistance to inversion by more than 10%.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66568/2/10.1177_036354659702500203.pd
The importance of appraising articles and conducting psychiatric journal clubs
Objective: To describe the importance of scientifically rigorous journal clubs in psychiatric education, and to provide a framework to effectively run journal clubs and appraise articles in a journal club format. This paper explores the concept of journal clubs and describes issues with the current state of academic science. It then lists factors associated with effectiveness of journal clubs and outlines a structure for appraising articles relevant to psychiatric practice in a journal club format.
Conclusions: Current models of academic research and publishing, which can reward practices vulnerable to multiple forms of bias, make the consistent and valued use of journal clubs in psychiatric education and continuing professional development more important than ever. The literature shows that journal clubs can provide a valuable forum for mental health clinicians to update themselves on recent medical and scientific knowledge, while practicing and teaching skills in critical appraisal of research, statistics, clinical decision-making and epidemiology
Daily temperature profiles in and around Western Kenyan larval habitats of Anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality
BACKGROUND: Anopheles gambiae eggs are more frequently found on soil around puddle habitats of the larvae, than on the water surface itself in Western Kenya. Thus, eggs can experience temperatures more wide-ranging and lethal than those experienced by larvae or pupae confined within puddles. METHODS: Small batches of eggs from house-collected An. gambiae as well as from the Kisumu laboratory strain were bathed for defined times in water whose temperature was precisely controlled. Daily temperature profiles were recorded by an infrared thermometer on seven different days in and around three types of typical An. gambiae larval habitats at Kisian. RESULTS: For wild eggs, significant mortality occurred upon brief heating between 42 â 44°C. Few eggs hatched after 10 min at 45°C and none hatched above this temperature. A similar pattern occurred for eggs of the Kisumu strain, except it was shifted downwards by 1°C. Egg mortality was time-dependent above 40°C. Temperatures of water in the three types of larval habitats never exceeded 35°C. Wet or damp mud rarely and only briefly exceeded 40°C; thus, water and mud would be highly conducive to egg survival and development. However, dry soils frequently reached 40 â 50°C for several h. Eggs stranded on dry surfaces would experience substantial mortality on hot, sunny days. CONCLUSION: Moist mud around puddles constitutes suitable habitat for An. gambiae eggs; however, eggs on the surface of dry soil under direct sunlight are unlikely to survive for more than a few hours
New perspectives on ACL injury: On the role of repetitive subâ maximal knee loading in causing ACL fatigue failure
In this paper, we review a series of studies that we initiated to examine mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the hope that these injuries, and their sequelae, can be better prevented. First, using the earliest in vitro model of a simulated singleâ leg jump landing or pivot cut with realistic knee loading rates and transâ knee muscle forces, we identified the worstâ case dynamic knee loading that causes the greatest peak ACL strain: Combined knee compression, flexion, and internal tibial rotation. We also identified morphologic factors that help explain individual susceptibility to ACL injury. Second, using the above knee loading, we introduced a possible paradigm shift in ACL research by demonstrating that the human ACL can fail by a sudden rupture in response to repeated subâ maximal knee loading. If that load is repeated often enough over a short time interval, the failure tended to occur proximally, as observed clinically. Third, we emphasize the value of a physical exam of the hip by demonstrating how limited internal axial rotation at the hip both increases the susceptibility to ACL injury in professional athletes, and also increases peak ACL strain during simulated pivot landings, thereby further increasing the risk of ACL fatigue failure. When training atâ risk athletes, particularly females with their smaller ACL crossâ sections, rationing the number and intensity of worstâ case knee loading cycles, such that ligament degradation is within the ACLâs ability to remodel, should decrease the risk for ACL rupture due to ligament fatigue failure.ĂŠ 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2059â 2068, 2016.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135588/1/jor23441.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135588/2/jor23441_am.pd
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Forward osmosis :a new approach to water purification and desalination.
Fresh, potable water is an essential human need and thus looming water shortages threaten the world's peace and prosperity. Waste water, brackish water, and seawater have great potential to fill the coming requirements. Unfortunately, the ability to exploit these resources is currently limited in many parts of the world by both the cost of the energy and the investment in equipment required for purification/desalination. Forward (or direct) osmosis is an emerging process for dewatering aqueous streams that might one day help resolve this problem. In FO, water from one solution selectively passes through a membrane to a second solution based solely on the difference in the chemical potential (concentration) of the two solutions. The process is spontaneous, and can be accomplished with very little energy expenditure. Thus, FO can be used, in effect, to exchange one solute for a different solute, specifically chosen for its chemical or physical properties. For desalination applications, the salts in the feed stream could be exchanged for an osmotic agent specifically chosen for its ease of removal, e.g. by precipitation. This report summarizes work performed at Sandia National Laboratories in the area of FO and reviews the status of the technology for desalination applications. At its current state of development, FO will not replace reverse osmosis (RO) as the most favored desalination technology, particularly for routine waters. However, a future role for FO is not out of the question. The ability to treat waters with high solids content or fouling potential is particularly attractive. Although our analysis indicates that FO is not cost effective as a pretreatment for conventional BWRO, water scarcity will likely drive societies to recover potable water from increasingly marginal resources, for example gray water and then sewage. In this context, FO may be an attractive pretreatment alternative. To move the technology forward, continued improvement and optimization of membranes is recommended. The identification of optimal osmotic agents for different applications is also suggested as it is clear that the space of potential agents and recovery processes has not been fully explored
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Initial cost analysis of a desalination process utilizing hydrotalcite and permutite for ion sequestration.
An initial cost analysis of a proposed desalination process was performed. The proposed process utilizes tailored inorganic ion exchangers, hydrotalcite and permutite, to sequester anions and cations from a brackish water solution. Three different process scenarios were considered: (1) disposal of the spent exchangers as dry waste (2) conventional chemical regeneration, and (3) acid regeneration of permutite coupled with thermal (550 C) regeneration of hydrotalcite. Disposal of the resin and conventional regeneration are not viable options from an economic standpoint. Applying limited data and optimistic assumptions to the third scenario yielded an estimate of 0.70 to 1.16/kgal for brackish water reverse osmosis
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