20 research outputs found
Rijetka i ugrožena grbica Hrvatske Erannis ankeraria ā povijesni pregled, analiza i perspektive
A āwinter mothā Erannis ankerariais one of the most threatened geometrid moths in Europe, listed on both Annex II and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and assigned as strictly protected taxa in Croatia. There is a great lack regarding distribution, population trend parameters and conservation status of this moth in Croatia. According to historical data, an Angoran Umber occurred in Pula (Istria) and KaÅ”tel Stari (Dalmatia), and current field research in potentially suitable habitats resulted without records. Therefore, future research should focus on an active involvement of lepidopterists and foresters in long-term monitoring of the species, where beside light trapping, more successful attracting methods as pheromone traps should be used. Obtained results could lead to management guidelines proposal on sites where the Angoran Umber occurs. Management guidelines or future species action plan should focus of maintaining structure and function of Angoran Umber habitat - light Pubescent Oak and Sessile Oak forests and forest edges, in order to fulfill ecological requirements and subsistence of the species.Mrazovac Erannis ankerariajedna je od najugroženijih vrsta noÄnih leptira iz porodice grbica, navedena u Dodatku II i IV Direktive o staniÅ”tima Europske Unije i zakonom zaÅ”tiÄena u Republici Hrvatskoj u kategoriji strogo zaÅ”tiÄene zaviÄajne divlje svojte. Iako, taksonomski blizak i morfoloÅ”ki vrlo sliÄan nekim naÅ”im vrlo Äestim vrstama, meÄu kojima se nalaze i znaÄajni Å”tetni defolijatori poput velikog mrazovca (E. defoliaria), ovaj se mrazovac nalazi iznimno rijetko i sporadiÄno. Podaci o rasprostranjenju vrste, njenim populacijskim parametrima, kao i stvarna razina ugroženosti, i shodno tome, nužne mjere zaÅ”tite ove vrste u Hrvatskoj nisu do sada bili posebno istraživani. Prema publiciranim podacima, vrsta je poÄetkom proÅ”log stoljeÄa zabilježena u Puli i KaÅ”tel Starom. Provedeno istraživanje obuhvatilo je detaljan pregled svih dostupnih relevantnih lepidopteroloÅ”kih zbirki u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji, uz ponovnu re-evaluaciju primjeraka oznaÄenih kao E.ankeraria. Ispostavilo se da u je u zbirkama u viÅ”e navrata doÅ”lo do zamjene s vrstom E. defoliaria ili da jednostavno vrste nema u veÄini relevantnih zbirki. Jedini valjano determiniran primjerak vrsteE. ankerariapotvrÄen je u zbirci Prirodoslovnog muzeja Slovenije, a odnosi se na nalaz Staudera 1908. godine kod KaÅ”tel Starog. Tijekom ciljanih dvomjeseÄnih terenskih istraživanja 2009. godine, vrsta nije potvrÄena na lokalitetima dokumentiranih prethodnih nalaza, kao i oÄekivanim lokacijama pridolaska s obzirom na Å”umski vegetacijski tip, iz kojega potjeÄu njeni rijetki nalazi.
Cilj pokrenutih istraživanja je da se nastave i proÅ”ire sustavna istraživanja rasprostranjenja svojte, a kako se radi o pravom Å”umskom kukcu, da se u njih ukljuÄi Å”umare-specijaliste zaÅ”tite Å”uma. U okviru postojeÄih programa monitoringa Å”umskih kukaca-Å”tetoÄinja, na kserotermofilnim submediteranskim staniÅ”tima hrasta medunca i hrasta kitnjaka, uz primamljivanje mužjaka svjetlosnim klopkama, mogle bi se koristiti i feromonske klopke kao potecijalno uÄinkovitiji naÄin prikupljanja podataka o njenom rasprostranjenju. Prikupljeni podaci poslužili bi u donoÅ”enju smjernica upravljanja ili akcijskog plana svojte, kojim bi se utvrdio naÄin upravljanja staniÅ”tima u cilju oÄuvanja njihove strukture i funkcije, a u svrhu zadovoljavanja ekoloÅ”kih potreba i oÄuvanja ove rijetke i priliÄno tajnovite vrste grbice u Hrvatskoj
Genetic identification of new alien pest species Illinoia liriodendri and its parasitoid Areopraon silvestre in Croatia
Background and Purpose: During June 2015 in Zagreb city area (Croatia) samples of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaves were collected with symptoms of attack by some unknown aphid.
Material and methods: Aphids were collected form leaves of tulip trees on different locations in Zagreb during July 2015. Total genomic DNA was extracted from ethanol-preserved specimens. PCR analysis was carried out and PCR products were purified from 1% agarose gel for sequencing purposes. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank.
Results: The collected aphids were genetically determined as Illinoia liriodendri (Hemiptera, Aphididae), the North American invasive pest species. Although present in several neighboring countries on tulip trees in urban environment, this research presents the first record of Illinoia liriodendri for Croatia, confirmed on the genetic level. Interestingly enough, during genetic determination of tulip tree aphid pest, another DNA, one of parasitoid Areopraon silvestre (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) was also found in the collected samples. A. silvestere is a native European specialized solitary endoparasitoid of aphids.
Conclusions: The presence of alien pest species Illinoia liriodendri was successfully determined via genetic identification. Also, genetic identification of parasitoid species on Illinoia liriodendri, Areopraon silvestre, shows the quick establishment of natural regulation of new pest species in Croatia
Prvi ulovi Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) u naletno-barijernim klopkama i porast populacije u nizinskim hrastovim sastojinama Hrvatske
During the first decade of 21st century in Croatian oak stands series of experiments concerning integrated oak timber protection were conducted. In the focus of this research was olfactory manipulation with native ambrosia beetles from genus Trypodendron and Xyleborus. Pheromone baited panel traps were used completed with different attractive components (lineatin, ETOH, GLV, Domowit-Trypowit DĀ®) . During these experiments in trap catches new species of scolityd for Croatian lowland oak stands entomofauna was discovered. Occurrence of Xylosandrus germanus was first time registered in a second season of field experiments and its numbers had since continuously grown in trap catches. In 2011. monitoring of flight period for ambrosia beetles was conducted from beginning of January till early June. During this period six species of ambrosia beetles were caught among them most numerous species was T. signatum while X. germanus was second although only present in trap catches for four years.U prvom desetljeÄu 21. stoljeÄa u hrvatskim nizinskim hrastovim sastojinama proveden je niz istraživanja vezanih uz integriranu zaÅ”titu hrastove oblovine. U srediÅ”tu ovih istraživanja bila je olfaktorna manipulacija domaÄim vrstama iz rodova Trypodendron i Xyleborus uz uporabu naletno-barijernih klopki kompletiranih s atraktantima (lineatin, ETOH, GLV, Domowit-Trypowit DĀ®). Tijekom ovih eksperimenata u ulovima naletno-barijernih klopi, pojavila se nova vrsta za hrastove nizinske sastojine u Hrvatskoj Xylosandrus germanus. Pojava vrste Xylosandrus germanus u ulovima naletno barijernih klopki prvi puta je zabilježena u dijelu terenskih eksperimenta (2009. godine), a ulovi u naletno-barijernim klopkamasu bili su u porastu ostatak perioda provedenih istraživanja. Tijekom 2011. godine fenologija potkornjaka drvaÅ”a nizinskih hrastovih sastojina provedena je od sijeÄnja do poÄetka lipnja. U ovom periodu zabilježena je i praÄena fenologija Å”est vrsta potkornjaka drvaÅ”a, od kojih je T. signatum bio najbrojniji, a invazivna strana vrsta X. germanus je bio drugi po brojnosti tijekom ovog opažanja, iako prisutan u ulovima naletno barijernih klopki 2011 godine. Iako je ekonomski znaÄaj X. germanus malen, ovo je vrsta koja je prisutna u Europi 65 godina. Postoje zabilježeni sluÄajevi iz Å vicarske 1995. g. kada je X. germanus napao 20 000 m3 smreke i jele u regiji Jura. S ekoloÅ”kog glediÅ”ta, glavna zabrinutost je da X. germanus postaje jedan od najbrojnijih potkornjaka na podruÄjima u kojima se etablirao, ali bez dokaza o negativnom utjecaju na autohtone vrste. Iako se smatra da X. germanus ima potencijal negativno utjecati na lokalno nestajanje autohtonih vrsta i bioloÅ”ku raznolikost (Henin and Versteirt 2004; Bouget and Noblecourt 2005). Istraživanja u Belgiji pokazuju da postoji preklapanje ekoloÅ”kih niÅ”a X. germanus sa nekoliko autohtonih vrsta (Henin and Versteirt 2004). U Sjevernoj Americi , X. germanus je jedan od ekonomski najvažnijih negativnih Äimbenika u rasadnicima. Neki autori navode da postoji izvjesna razina fizioloÅ”kog stresa koja nije uoÄljiva, ali stabla ipak emitiraju stresom generirane atraktivne tvari koje privlaÄe potkornjake tijekom rojenja. X. germanus se smatra Å”tetnikom koji napada fizioloÅ”ki oslabljena stabla pod stresom, ali neka istraživanja pokazuju da napada i naizgled zdrava stabla. Prisutnost i brojnost X. germanus u Hrvatskoj joÅ” treba biti dodatno istražena, jer se ovaj polifagni Å”tetnik uspjeÅ”no razvija na velikom broju vrsta listaÄa i ÄetinjaÄa. X. germanus isto može biti i vektor za odreÄene uzroÄnike bolesti i najÄeÅ”Äe se povezuje sa gljivama iz roda Fusarium, koje mogu uzrokovati odumiranje stabala, venuÄe i rak na napadnutim stablima. Ovakav vektorski odnos dokazan je na vrstama iz roda Juglans. X. germanus može prenositi i holandsku bolest brijesta. Zbog navedenog potrebno je daljnje praÄenje i istraživanje utjecaja izrazito polifagne invazivne vrste potkornjak drvaÅ”a X. germanus na ekosustave nizinskih hrastovih sastojina
Integrated Oak Timber Protection from Ambrosia Bark Beetles: Economic and Ecological Importance in Harvesting Operations
Ambrosia bark beetles belong to a group of xylomycetophagous insects from the order Coleoptera, family Curculionidae and are characterized as important pests of oak timber. Galleries they form during their life cycle and infect with Ā»ambrosia fungiĀ« significantly decrease the economic value of oak roundwood. A state owned Croatian company Ā»Hrvatske Å”umeĀ« Ltd. manages FSC certificated forests, where pedunculate and sessile oaks account for 22.6% in the annual allowable cut. Methods of oak roundwood protection, that used to be implemented in the past, are now banned in accordance with EU legislation as well as FSC criteria of forest protection. In these forest management conditions, it becomes necessary to introduce new biotechnical methods for oak roundwood protection. Available commercial products, flight barrier traps and synthetic semiochemicals, as well as pretreated insecticide treated polymer nets, were tested as means of integrated oak roundwood protection. Implementation of these products was tested in field conditions. Good knowledge of phenology of ambrosia bark beetles, thorough understanding of timber harvesting operations and field conditions that dominate in even aged oak forests, is crucial if applied methods are to be effective and taken on time. Field experiments conducted in this research showed that early seasonal deployment of semiochemically baited flight barrier traps can reduce the number of bark beetles that infest oak timber. It was also concluded that without additional protection with polymer nets, it is not possible to protect oak timber in compliance with strict FprEN 1316-1: 2012 E standards for oak roundwood classes, which do not allow any timber infestation in the highest quality grades (A and B quality class). Semiochemicals used as repellents during the research were ineffective. In the early months of spring, oak roundwood is at high risk of infestation at the roadside landings, where it is waiting to be transported
Further Spread of Corythucha arcuata (Hemiptera; Tingidae) in Croatia
Corythucha arcuata (Hemiptera; Tingidae), i.e. oak bug is an invasive alien species from North America that has rapidly spread in Europe. It was first reported in Croatia in 2013, and in the following years it has spread rapidly toward the west of the continental part of the country, infesting 200,000 ha of Quercus robur L. forest stands. Oak lace bug causes losses in chlorophyll, which has a negative influence on photosynthesis and transpiration activity, as well as on the health status of oak trees. We conducted our study on two sites in the Mediterranean region in Istria, Croatia, where infestation with oak lace bug has not been recorded. Results showed new records of oak lace bug in Istria. Q. pubescens Willd. is the dominant tree species in Sub-Mediterranean forests in Istria, so it will be interesting to follow the spread and preferences of oak lace bug for Q. robur and Q. pubescens in Istria, as well as in other coastal Q. pubescens and Q. ilex L. forests in Croatia. We assume that the negative influence of oak lace bug coupled with other biotic and abiotic stressors in the Mediterranean region will probably have some influence on the health status of oak trees
USPOREDBA UÄINKOVITOSTI CIJELOSEZONSKOG I STANDARDNOG FEROMONA ECOLUREĀ® U ULOVIMA SMREKINOG PISARA (Ips typographus (L.))
I. typographus is the most serious pest of spruce forests in Eurasia. Pheromone traps are usually used in forest protection against this pest. In this study, two types of pheromone dispensers (ECOLURE CLASSIC and ECOLURE MEGA) were compared in terms of its efficiency in 2010. ECOLURE CLASSIC were capturing averagely more beetles in compare of all season dispense ECOLURE MEGA during all season. No statistic difference was recorded only during first 10 days of the season. In the rest of season (next 123 days) the ECOLURE CLASSIC captured statistically more beetles then ECOLURE MEGA. That is why, type and quality of pheromone dispenser significantly influences the number of trapped beetles to the pheromone traps.U danaÅ”nje vrijeme glavni naÄin zaÅ”tite od smrekinog pisara Ips typographus L. je postavljanje lovnih stabala i njihovo pravovremeno uklanjanje iz Å”ume. Isto tako feromonske klopke Äesto se koriste kao sredstvo zaÅ”ite unatoÄ njihovoj dvojbenoj uÄinkovitosti (npr. Dimitri et al. 1992; Lobinger, Skatulla 1996; Wichmann, Ravn 2001). Neki su autori pokazali da samo 3ā10 % populacije potkornjaka može biti ulovljeno kod visokog broja koriÅ”tenih feromonskih klopki (Weslien, Lindelƶw 1990; Lobinger, Skatulla 1996). KljuÄna komponenta mamaca za smrekinog pisara je cis-verbenol (e.g. JakuÅ”, Blaženec 2002), a na danaÅ”njem tržiÅ”tu prisutno je puno razliÄitih tipova feromonskih rasprÅ”ivaÄa koji se baziraju na ovoj aktivnoj komponenti. U broju ulovljenih potkornjaka znaÄajnu ulogu ima i oblik ampule feromonskog sredstva (Nakladal, Sova 2010). U posljednje vrijeme na tržiÅ”tu je prisutno sve viÅ”e cijelosezonskih feromonskih rasprÅ”ivaÄa sa zajamÄenim periodom djelotvornosti od 18ā20 tjedana za ECOLURE TUBUS i ECOLURE MEGA. Ovi rasprÅ”ivaÄi ne zahtijevaju dodatno mijenjanje ili otvaranje tijekom sezone lova. Ove prednosti rasprÅ”ivaÄa mogu biti umanjene slabim uÄinkom (Nakladal, Sova 2010). Temeljna razlika izmeÄu ECOLURE CLASSIC I ECOLURE TUBUS rasprÅ”ivaÄa je u tipu otpuÅ”tajuÄeg omota. ECOLURE MEGA testiran u ovom istraživanju ima sliÄnu konstrukciju kao ECOLURE CLASSIC. U ovom istraživanju usporeÄivani su feromonski rasprÅ”ivaÄi ECOLURE CLASSIC i cijelosezonski ECOLURE MEGA. ECOLURE MEGA ima zajamÄenu uÄinkovitost od 18 do 20 tjedana. Istraživanje je provedeno na lokaciji Pisek južna ÄeÅ”ka u podruÄju smrekove kulture Zahori (49Ā°21ā01āāN, 14Ā°12ā01āā) u razdoblju od 1. svibnja 2010. godine do 10. rujna 2010. godine. Tijekom 133 lovna dana koriÅ”teno je 20 parova Theyson klopki, od kojih je jedna klopka unutar para bila kompletirana s ECOLURE CLASSIC rasprÅ”ivaÄem, a jedna ECOLURE MEGA. Klopke su bile postavljene na sjeÄinama 15 metara od ruba Å”ume i udaljenosti 70 metara izmeÄu klopki istog para. Korov oko klopki bio je tretiran herbicidima. Svakih deset dana vrÅ”eno je sakupljanje uzoraka iz klopki u navedenom razdoblju. Prebrojavanje potkornjaka vrÅ”eno je pojedinaÄno, a kod veÄih uzoraka koriÅ”tena je volumetrijska metoda 1 mL=35 smrekinih pisara. U ulovima potkornjaka vrÅ”eno je i odreÄivanje omjera spolova pomoÄu disekcije genitalija. StatistiÄka obrada podataka izraÄena je pomoÄu softwarea STATISTICA 9.1. S obzirom na dobivene ulove i distribucije podataka koriÅ”teni su Shapiro-Wilk W test, T-test i Wilcoxon test poklapajuÄih parova. Tijekom cijele lovne sezone ulovljeno je 179 477 potkornjaka u 40 feromonskih klopki, 32 % od tog ulova uhvaÄeno je rasprÅ”ivaÄem ECOLURE MEGA, a 68 % ECOLURE CLASSIC. Potpuni ulovi potkornjaka prikazani su na Fig. 1., a transformacijske funkcije koje zadovoljavaju parametar statistiÄkih testova u Tab.2. UsporeÄujuÄi uÄinkovitost ulova u proljetnom dijelu rojenja (od 10. svibnja do 2.srpnja) ECOLURE CLASSIC imao je 1.1ā2.7 puta viÅ”e ulova. U periodu ljetnog rojenja (2.srpnja do 10.listopada) ECOLURE CLASSIC imao je od 2.7 do 112.4 puta viÅ”e ulova od ECOLURE MEGA Tab 2. Kod omjera spolova uÄinkovitost oba tipa rasprÅ”ivaÄa bila je podjednaka 92 % ženki i 8 % mužjaka. Tijekom ovog istraživanja uoÄene su dvije generacije smrekinog pisara, Å”to je normalno u srediÅ”njoj Europi osim na veÄim nadmorskim visinama (Wermelinger, Seifert 1999). Sveukupni zakljuÄak koji proizlazi iz ovog istraživa je da cijelogodiÅ”nji rasprÅ”ivaÄ ECOLURE MEGA u usporedbi s rasprÅ”ivaÄem ECOLURE CLASSIC nije pogodan za uporabu u uobiÄajenim uvjetima Å”umarstva. SliÄni rezultati dobiveni su u usporedbi cjelogodiÅ”njeg rasprÅ”ivaÄa ECOLURE TUBUS i ECOLURE CLASSIC (NaklĆ”dal and Sova 2010.). U ovom istraživanju uÄinkovitost ECOLURE MEGA rasprÅ”ivaÄa je naglo padala (od 2.7 do 112.4 puta) u odnosu na ECOLURE CLASSIC, za razliku od usporedbe ECUOLURE TUBUS koji je tijekom drugog rojenja imao pad uÄinkovitosti (od 2.7 do 36.6 puta) u odnosu na ECOLURE CLASSIC (NaklĆ”dal and Sova 2010). To govori da je ECOLURE MEGA neÅ”to loÅ”iji tip rasprÅ”ivaÄa od ECOLURE TUBUS rasprÅ”ivaÄa. MoguÄe utjecaje na ulov zbog pozicije klopki iskljuÄili smo promjenom pozicije cjelogodiÅ”njih rasprÅ”ivaÄa na poziciju kontrolnih klopki i obratno. Slabi ulovi u klopkama su u korelaciji sa slabim otpuÅ”tanjem feromona u okolinu, a to se uoÄava po veÄem broju ulovljenih mužjaka i drugim problemima prikazanim u istraživanju iz 2010 (NaklĆ”dal and Sova 2010.)
Trophic preferences and influence of beech weevil on the damaged leaf area of beech trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bukva predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih vrsta drveÄa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Stoga, potrebno je praÄenje zdravstvenog stanja bukovih sastojina i poduzimanje svih neophodnih preventivnih i represivnih mjera kako bi se zdravstveno stanje ovih sastojina unaprijedilo. U okviru istraživanja analiziran je utjecaj bukove skoÄipipe na povrÅ”inu oÅ”teÄenja listova na stabalcima bukve od imaga i liÄinke u ovisnosti od lokacije i položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini (svjetlo/sjena). Lokacije istraživanja su se nalazile unutar kulture smreke, visokih Å”uma bukve i mjeÅ”ovitih Å”uma bukve i jele sa smrekom. Bukova skoÄipipa predstavlja jednog od glavnih defolijatora koji se javljaju na stablima bukve. Uzorak istraživanja Äine 15 stabalaca bukve, po 5 stabalaca na tri lokacije. Na svakoj lokaciji odabrana su 3 stabalca Äija kroÅ”nja je bila na svjetlu i dva stabalca Äija kroÅ”nja je bila u sjeni (ukupno 9 stabalaca na svjetlu i 6 stabalaca u zasjeni). Na svakom stablu pregledavana su i mjerena oÅ”teÄenja od imaga i liÄinke bukove skoÄipipe. Ustanovljeno je da prosjeÄna povrÅ”ina oÅ”teÄenja lista bukve od imaga je varirala od 2-4%, a liÄinke od 4-8%. StatistiÄkim analizama je utvrÄeno postojanje statistiÄki znaÄajnih razlika u povrÅ”ini oÅ”teÄenja lista bukve od liÄinke u ovisnosti od položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini.The impact of beech weevil on the damaged area of beech trees from adult and larvae was analyzed, depending on the location and position of trees of beech in stand (sun/shadow). The research localities were located within the forest plantation of spruce, natural beech forests and mixed beech, fir and spruce forests. Beech weevil represents one of the main defoliators appearing on beech trees. The research sample consists of 15 beech trees, 5 trees per location, on three locations. On each location, were selected 3 trees with the crown in the sun and 2 trees with the crown in the shade (a total of 9 trees in the sun and 6 trees in the shade). On each tree were measured damages from the adult and larvae of beech weevil. It has been found that the average damaged area on beech leaf varied for adult from 2-4%, and larvae 4-8%. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant differences in damaged areas of beech leaf from larvae, depending on the position of beech trees in the stand
Application of UAS for Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems ā A Review of Experience and Knowledge
In the last couple of years, there have been a great number of articles that cover and emphasize
the advantages and possibilities that UAS (Unmanned Air System) offers in forest ecosystem
research. In the available research, alongside UAS, the importance of developing sensors that
are designed to be used with UAV (Unamnned Air Vehicle), a flight programming software
and UAS collected data processing software have been pointed out. With the widespread use
of high-precision sensors and accompanying software in forestry, it is possible to obtain accurate
data in a short time that replaces long-term manpower in the field with equal or in some
cases, such as windthrow calculation or wildlife counting, greater accuracy. The former practice
of manual imagery processing is being partly replaced with automated approaches. The
paper analyses studies that deal with some form of application of UAS in forestry, e.g. forest
inventory, forest operations, ecological monitoring, forest pests and forest fires, and wildlife
monitoring. In the forest inventory, a large number of studies deal with the possibilities of
applying UAS in mapping vegetation and individual trees, morphological research of individual
parts of trees, surface analysis, etc. The use of remote and proximal sensing technologies
in forest engineering has mainly been focused on defining surface roughness and topology,
road geometry, planning and maintenance, ground-based and cable-based harvesting and soil
characteristics and displacement. Wildfire monitoring already relies heavily on the use of UAS
and thermal cameras in operations, and it is similar to the mapping of windthrow or directions
of the spread of certain insects important for forestry. In wildlife research, numerous studies
deal with abundance research of individual terrestrial birds and mammals using UAS thermal
imagery. With some drawbacks such as wildlife disturbance or limited UAV range, common
to most of the processed studies are positive attitudes regarding the application of UAS in
forestry sensing and monitoring, which is slowly becoming a common operative practice, with
the scientistsā focus being on developing automated approaches in UAS imagery processing.
Reducing the error by improving the technological characteristics of the sensors will in the
long run reduce the number of people required to collect data important for forestry, reduce
risks and in some cases increase accuracy