Olga Mišeska Tomić: Generative syntax in theory and practice/ “Kiril I Metodij” University, Skopje 1978/

The book Generative Syntax in Theory and Practice has been con­ ceived primarily as a text book for undergraduae and graduate students, whose aim is to introduce.them to one of the most influ­ ential and controversial theories of grammar developed in recent time, the generative transformational theory

Pronouns and the problem of reference in transformational grammar

The problem of reference is one of the main problems in transformational gram­ mar. It does not concern only the pronominalization and reflexivization rules (both transformational and interpretive) but also many other rules, such as, for instance, deletion rules, movement rules, etc. Inspite of its importance for transformational grammar as a whole the problem of reference is still largely unsolved. Attempts to deal with it have been only partially successful; several points still have to be explained before a complete solution can be found

Zaimki in problem reference v transformacijski slovnici

The problem of reference is one of the main problems in transformational gram­ mar. It does not concern only the pronominalization and reflexivization rules (both transformational and interpretive) but also many other rules, such as, for instance, deletion rules, movement rules, etc. Inspite of its importance for transformational grammar as a whole the problem of reference is still largely unsolved. Attempts to deal with it have been only partially successful; several points still have to be explained before a complete solution can be found.Članek obravnava problem reference s stališča dveh osnovnih teorij o zaimkih v okviru transformacijske slovnice, transformacijske in interpretativne. Avtor prikazuje in poskuša kritično ovrednotiti štiri različne pristope k temu problemu: pristop referencialnih indeksov, ki se je uveljavil v transformacijski teoriji o zaimkih, interpretativni pristop, ki tvori osnovo interpretativne teorije, t. i. "kontrapar" pristop in formalni pristop. Pristop referencialnih indeksov temelji na predpostavki, da je referenca označena v globinski strukturi stavkov s pomočjo referencialnih obeležij določenih leksikalnih enot. Po interpretativnem pristopu pa je referenca semantičen koncept in se določa s pomočjo semantičnih pravil interpretacije. Analiza teh dveh pristopov, ki sta v transformacijski slovnici sicer najbolj razširjena, je razkrila številne slabe strani tako prvega kot drugega pristopa. Pri tem ne gre le za posamezne konkretne primere pronominalizacije in refleksivizacije, ampak tudi za pomembno pomanjkljivost splošnejšega značaja. Niti pristop referencialnih indeksov, niti interpretativni pristop namreč ne vsebuje točne definicije pojma reference. Natančna opredelitev določenega pojma pa je vsekakor nujno potrebna, če naj uspešno rešujemo probleme, ki nastajajo v zvezi s tem pojmom. Pomanjkljivosti dveh zgoraj omenjenih pristopov so dovolj resne, da nastane vprašanje ali je pojem reference sploh relevanten za adekvatno teorijo o zaimkih. Da bi odgovorili na to vprašanje, smo analizirali dva pristopa, ki povsem zanikata pomen reference: pristop, v katerem je pojem reference nadomestil pojem "kontrapar" ("counterpart") in formalni pristop, po katerem je pogoj za pronominalizacijo in refleksivizacijo le formalna, ne pa tudi referencialna identičnost imenskih skupin. Ugotovili smo, da t. i. "kontrapar" pristop zaenkrat predstavlja le parcialen, čeprav obetajoč, poskus, da bi problem reference rešili z uvedbo nekega novega pojma. Formalni pristop pa tak kakršen je, ni sprejemljiv. Lahko torej zaključimo, da noben izmed obstoječih pristopov k problemu reference ni povsem zadovoljiv. Možnosti za ustreznejše reševanje tega problema vidimo bodisi v izpopolnjenem "kontrapar" pristopu, bodisi v novem pristopu, ki ga predlagamo v tem članku in ki upošteva tako formalno kot referencialno identičnost imenskih skupin. Adekvatna teorija o zaimkih namreč mora vključevati pojem reference oziroma odgovarjajoč nadomesten pojem, in ne more temeljiti izključno na formalni jezikovni strukturi

Glagolski premik in vprašalni stavki

Verb movement is a phenomenon that has been studied extensively withintheframework of Chomskyan generative grammar. The pioneering work by Pollock(1989) has been followed by a number of studies involving various languages, whichhas provided an important insight both into the language-specific andlanguage-uni­versal properties of verb movement. In most general terms, verb movement canbedefined as movement of the verb from its base position in the (V)erb (P)hrase tosomeposition higher in the clausal structure. In Government & Binding theory verbmove­ment was motivated by the need of the bare lexical verb to associate with theinflec­tional affixes hosted by the functional heads (Pollock 1989, Belletti 1990). Bycontrast,the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995) claims that all types of movement aretrig­ gered by feature-checking requirements. In this system, items from lexical categories are fully inflected in the lexicon.Thus the verb is inserted into its base position with all its inflectional affixes and associated inflectional features. Functional heads donotcontain any inflectional material; they carry only abstract features, which arecheckedagainst the corresponding features on the lexical items. In order for feature-checkingto take place the lexical item (e.g. the verb) must raise to the relevantfunctionalhead(s).V prispevku obravnavamo glagolski premik v dopolnjevalnih vprašanjih z vidik. novejših pristopov k medjezikovni eaznolikosti površinskega reda stavčnih sestavnikov v okviru čomskijanske tvorbene slovnice. Osredinjamo se na premik glagola iz jedra P(regib) v hoerarhično višje jedro V(ezalo) - t.i. P-v-V premikNa podlagi primerjave tovrstnega premika v angleščini. francoščini in slovenščini ugotavljamo tipološke značilnosti P-v-V premika v omenjenih jezikih glede na: (i) vrsto vprašalnega stavka, v katerem se pojavlja (samo vglavnem (asimetrični P-v-V)/ v glavnem in odvisnem (simetrični P-v-V)); (ii) njegovo (ne)izraženost v glasovni verigi (slišni/neslišni P-v-V); (iii) (ne)obbveznost (obbvezni/poljubi P-v-V). Predlagamo enotno razčlembo P-v-V premika v primerjanih jezikih, ki temelji na modificirani inačici minimalistične teorije obeležij Noama Chomskega (Chomsky 1995)

Negative pronouns in Slovene: a minimalist account

In this paper we examine Slovene negative pronouns from a cross-linguistic per­spective and propose an account of their observed properties interms of minimalist feature checking theory as developed by Chomsky (1995, 1998, 1999, 2001)and modified by Pesetsky & Torrego (2000, 2002) and Hiraiwa (2000)

Verb movement and interrogatives

Verb movement is a phenomenon that has been studied extensively withintheframework of Chomskyan generative grammar. The pioneering work by Pollock(1989) has been followed by a number of studies involving various languages, whichhas provided an important insight both into the language-specific andlanguage-uni­versal properties of verb movement. In most general terms, verb movement canbedefined as movement of the verb from its base position in the (V)erb (P)hrase tosomeposition higher in the clausal structure. In Government & Binding theory verbmove­ment was motivated by the need of the bare lexical verb to associate with theinflec­tional affixes hosted by the functional heads (Pollock 1989, Belletti 1990). Bycontrast,the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995) claims that all types of movement aretrig­ gered by feature-checking requirements. In this system, items from lexical categories are fully inflected in the lexicon.Thus the verb is inserted into its base position with all its inflectional affixes and associated inflectional features. Functional heads donotcontain any inflectional material; they carry only abstract features, which arecheckedagainst the corresponding features on the lexical items. In order for feature-checkingto take place the lexical item (e.g. the verb) must raise to the relevantfunctionalhead(s)

Nikalni zaimki v slovenščini: minimalistična razčlemba

In this paper we examine Slovene negative pronouns from a cross-linguistic per­spective and propose an account of their observed properties interms of minimalist feature checking theory as developed by Chomsky (1995, 1998, 1999, 2001)and modified by Pesetsky & Torrego (2000, 2002) and Hiraiwa (2000).V prispevku obravnavamo nikalne zaimke v slovenščini z medjezikovnega vidika. Na podlagi primerjave nikalnih elementov v angleščini, italijanščini, hrvaščini, srbščni, poljščini, ruščini in slovenščini ugotavljamo, da slovenski nikalni zaimki tvorijo posebno podvrsto nikalnih kvantifikatorjev, in razvijemo razčlembo zgradb z nikalnimi zaimki, ki temeljina modificirani inačici minimalistične teorije o potrjevanju obliko-skladenjskih oznak N. Chomskega. Slovenski nikalni zaimki so nikalni kvantifikatorji z neinterpretabilno nikalno oznako in zahtevajo skladenjskega potrjevalca - stavčno nikalnico ne, ki nosi interpretabilno nikalno oznako. Potrditev se izvrši z operacijo Ujemaj med kvantifikatorjem zneinterpretabilno in nikalnico z interpretabilno oznako neintrepretabilna oznaka je s tem izbrisana in nikalni zaimek je dostopen za nadaljnjo jezikovno izgradnjo. Za zgradbe, kjer se nikalni zaimki pojavljajo brez nikalnice, smo pokazali, da so izpustne nikalnica je izpuščena na ravnini fonetične oblike, torej po skladenjski potrditvi nikalne oznake