Topography of female reproductive tract in californian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)

Kunić, kao eksperimentalna životinja, je veoma čest model u raznovrsnim biomedicinskim istraživanjima, zahvaljujući sličnosti u morfološkim i kliničkim osobinama sa ljudskim, kao i lakoći odgajivanja, držanja i posmatranja. Za izbor modela u bimedicinskim istraživanjima, neophodno je dobro poznavati anatomsku građu, morfološke i fiziološke karakteristike eksperimentalnih životinja. Kunić, kao životinja sa indukovanom ovulacijom, je model kod koga se precizno može utvrditi vreme ovulacije, a po sličnosti fetalnog i embrionalnog razvića sa ljudskim, predstavlja model, koji u ispitivanjima iz oblasti reprodukcije ima prednost nad drugim eksperimentalnim životinjama. Uzimajući u obzir da vrsta kunića, pol, starost, kao i način držanja utiču na neke morfološke i fiziološke karakteristike ove vrste, ova ispitivanja izvedena su na Kalifornijskom kuniću, sa ciljem da se utvrde i upotpune podaci o topografiji ženskih polnih organa Kalifornijskog kunića (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), njihovoj vaskularizaciji, histološkim promenama u ženskom reproduktivnom traktu kunića, tokom različitih faza polnog ciklusa, kao i njegovoj imunološkoj reaktivnosti tokom ovih faza. Ispitivanja su vršena na 30 polno zrelih ženki, prosečne starosti 5-7 meseci, telesne mase oko 3200-4000 g, koje su parene prvi put, ili su bile u graviditetu po prvi put. Anatomskim metodama rada izvršena su topografska ispitivanja ženskih reproduktivnih organa kunića, pelvimetrija i vaskularizacija, za koju je korišćena i rendgenografija. Isečci tkiva jajnika, jajovoda, materice, rodnice i usmine bojeni su hematoksilin eozinom, Gomori metodom i metodom po Gordon-Sweet-u, za histološka ispitivanja. Kriostatski isečci materice i vagine bojeni su metodom peroksidaznog obelezavanja ćelija, radi ispitivanja imunoloških karakteristika ovih organa. Po svojim topografskim i morfološkim osobinama, reproduktivni ograni ženki kunića su slični reproduktivnim organima ženki karnivora i činčile. A. ovarica i a. uterina su glavni krvni sudovi u irigaciji reproduktivnih organa kunića. Histološke i imunološke promene za vreme različitih faza reproduktivnog ciklusa su bile evidentne. T i B limfociti su bili prisutni u svim delovima reproduktivnog trakta, pri čemu je najveću imunološku reaktivnost pokazao cervix, a faza estrusa je bila faza u kojoj je zabeležen najveći broj imunokompetentih ćelija.Rabbit, as an experimental model at various biomedical investigations, thanks to its similarity in many morphological and clinical performances with humans, associated with its breeding facilities, carriage and observation. Knowledge of anatomic, morphologic and physiologic characteristics of experimental animal is necessary for the model selection at biomedical researches. Rabbit, as an induced ovulator, is model with precisely defined time of ovulation; its similarities in fetal and embryo development with humans, give an advantage to rabbit as reproductive model. Considering that breed, gender, age, different way of housing, affect some morphological and physiological performance at certain breed, those investigation was carried out on Californian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), with an aim to determine and fulfill the data about topography of rabbit female reproductive tract, vascularization, histological changes during the different phases of reproductive cycle and immunological reactivity during the cycle. The investigation was taken at 30 sexually mature females, age about 5-7 months, body weight about 3200-4000 g, mated for the first time, or at first pregnancy. Standard anatomical methods were used for study in topography, pelvimetry and vascularization that is examined also with rendgenography. Tissue samples of ovarium, Falopian tube, uterus and vagina were stained with haematoksylin eosin, Gomori’s method and Gordon-Sweet’s method, for histological examination. Cryosections of different anatomical parts of uterus and vagina, were stained by peroxidase labbeling the cells, to evaluate the immunological status of those tissues. Similirities with females of Carnivora and Chinchilla, in topography and morphology of reproductive tract were found. The principal blood vessels of rabbit female genital tract are a. ovarica and a. uterina. Histological and immunological changes during the different phases of reproductive cycle were evident. T-cells and B-cells were detected at all anatomical parts of female genital tract; cervix showed as the most reactive immunological site, and estrus was the phase that showed the most intense immunological activity

Histological and Immunological Changes in Uterus During the Different Reproductive Stages at Californian Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Rabbit is the third most commonly used animal model in different fields of scientific research, such as reproductive biology, fertility and embryo transfer studies, and immunology. This animal species, often used in antibodies production, has minority of scientific records about the immunological status of its reproductive organs. The aim of this study was to find histological and immunological changes in rabbit female reproductive tract during different reproductive stages. The study was carried out on female rabbits, divided in three groups, according to the following stages of reproductive cycle: Estrous, ovulation and pregnancy. Histological and immunohistochemical stains for T- and B-cells were performed on tissue samples of cornu uteri and cervix. T lymphocytes were predominant in all anatomical parts of the uterus, in all stages of the cycle. The highest number of those cells was recorded at estrous, while the lowest was recorded at pregnancy. Cervix expressed more immunological activity than cornu uteri. The distribution and the number of immune positive cells in the rabbit female reproductive tract depend on its hormonal status

Morfološka ispitivanja mozga kanadske lasice (Mustela vison)

The mink is a strict carnivore and a seasonal breeder, which may be used as an experimental model for other carnivores. Using anatomical methods, 32 brains of the N. American mink were examined. It was found that the brain consists of four ventricles. Also, it was noted that the posterior horn was missing and that the olfactory recess was present in the lateral ventricle, a large-size interthalamic connection was present in the third ventricle, and a flat, necklace like bottom in the fourth ventricle. Only recently, the ins and outs of the mink’s anatomical structure have begun to absorb the attention of anatomists. Apparently, it is related to the fact that fury animals, among them the mink, are being domesticated. For this reason and because of easy access to the material, the purpose of brain dissection is to familiarize with the three dimensional structure of the brain and teach one of the great methods of studying the brain: looking at its structure.Kanadska lasica je karnivor, koji jednom godišnje daje 4-5 mladunaca, koji se koriste kao eksperimentalni model. Za anatomska ispitivanja, koristili smo 32 mozga oba pola kanadske lasice. Utvrdili smo da se u mozgu nalaze 4 komore, kao i kod ostalih sisara. Ustanovili smo da posteriorni rog bočne komore nedostaje, kao i da postoji olfaktorni izdanak bočne komore. Šira površina između talamusa je takodje ustanovljena u trećoj moždanoj komori, kao i udubljenje četvrte moždane komore. U poslednje vreme kao eksperimentalna životinja, kanadska lasica postaje predmet interesovanja anatoma kao i naučnih istraživača u velikom broju laboratorija. Takođe, divlje životinje postaju sve više domestifikovane, a među njima je i kanadska lasica

Tick Fauna of Small Ruminants in South Part of Serbia, with Emphasis to North Kosovo

The study regarding tick fauna and season distribution of ticks of small ruminant in the south part of Serbia, with emphasis on north Kosovo was performed during 2017. During the study we examined a total of 114 flocks of goats and sheep from Zvečan and Leposavić districts (villages Ceranja, Majdevo, Zemanica, Mure, Rudine, Žitkovac, Oraovica, Mošnica, Donji Krnjin, Belo brdo, Mioliće, Drenova and Beliće). Infections occurred at and on 56.14% of examined sheep and 31.42% of examined goats. The most abudant tick species were Ixodes ricinus, followed by Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.bursa, Haemaphysalis punctata and D.recticulatus

The Importance of Error Correction in Foreign Language Learning

The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical and practical overview of different types of error correction, to discuss various factors affecting error correction in class, and to highlight the benefits of error correction. In contemporary language teaching, different types of error correction are implemented in the classroom: explicit and implicit techniques, oral and written correction, and non-verbal techniques such as gestures and facial expressions. According to the Noticing Hypothesis, proposed by Schmidt, corrective feedback becomes internalised input only when learners notice it, a point any foreign language teacher should keep in mind when correcting their learners (qtd. in Truscott 103). When choosing which type of feedback to implement, teachers should talk with their learners to see which method suits them best and also consider their individual differences, such as age, proficiency, attitude towards language learning, and motivation. In conclusion, there is no single right way of correcting learners’ errors. It is the teacher’s task to cultivate learners’ positive attitudes towards error correction and to find a method which a particular group of learners will accept and which will be optimal for the group

Nalaz Fasciola hepatica kod goveda Jablaničkog regiona

In the period from January 2001 to December 2005, a total of 6,904 slaughtered cattle originating from the territory of the region of Jablanica were examined at the Mesokombinat AD abattoir. The Trematoda Fasciola hepatica was found in 429 cattle (6.21%). A total of 2,150 kg livers were condemned due to the presence of the liver fluke. A comparison of cattle with bovine fasciolosis according to the years yielded a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) between the year 2003 (10.02) and the year 2002 (9.97), on the one side, in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14), 2004 (3.37), and 2005 (5.08), on the other side. A significant difference (p lt 0.05) was also established in the year 2004 (3.37) in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14) and 2005 (5.08). After analyzing the significance of the differences between the infected cattle according to the seasons, a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) was established between the summer (7.23) and the winter (4.74) periods. A significant difference (p lt 0.05) was also established between the autumn (6.49) and the winter periods. The amount of precipitation was directly proportionate to the percentage of cattle infected with fasciolosis.U periodu od januara 2001. do decembra 2005. godine, u klanici AD "Mesokombinat" u Leskovcu pregledano je 6904 zaklanih goveda, sa teritorije Jablaničkog regiona. Kod 429 goveda (6,21%), pronađena je trematoda Fasciola hepatica. Zbog neupotrebljivosti, konfiskovano je 2150 kilograma fascioloznih jetri. Poređenjem broja fascioloznih goveda po godinama, ustanovljena je vrlo značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) između 2003. godine (10,02) i 2002. godine (9,97) sa jedne strane u odnosu na 2001. godinu (5,14), 2004. (3,37) i 2005. godinu (5,08) godinu, sa druge strane. Značajna razlika (p lt 0,05) ustanovljena je 2004. godine (3,37) u odnosu na 2001. (5,14) i 2005. (5,08) godinu. Analizirajući signifikantnost razlika inficiranih goveda po sezonama ustanovljena je vrlo značajna razlika (p lt 0,01) između letnjeg (7,23) i zimskog (4,74) perioda. Signifikantna razlika (p lt 0,05) ustanovljena je između jesenjeg (6,49) i zimskog perioda. Količina padavina bila je upravo proporcionalna procentu zaraženosti goveda metiljem

Study of the bacterial diversity of foods: PCR-DGGE versus LH-PCR

The present study compared two culture-independent methods, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR), for their ability to reveal food bacterial microbiota. Total microbial DNA and RNA were extracted directly from fourteen fermented and unfermented foods, and domain A of the variable regions V1 and V2 of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed through LH-PCR and PCR-DGGE. Finally, the outline of these analyses was compared with bacterial viable counts obtained after bacterial growth on suitable selective media. For the majority of the samples, RNA-based PCR-DGGE revealed species that the DNA-based PCR-DGGE was not able to highlight. When analyzing either DNA or RNA, LH-PCR identified several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative cocci (CCN) species that were not identified by PCR-DGGE. This phenomenon was particularly evident in food samples with viable loads b 5.0 Log cfu g−1 . Furthermore, LH-PCR was able to detect a higher number of peaks in the analyzed food matrices relative to species identified by PCR-DGGE. In light of these findings, it may be suggested that LH-PCR shows greater sensitivity than PCR-DGGE. However, PCR-DGGE detected some other species (LAB included) that were not detected by LH-PCR. Therefore, certain LH-PCR peaks not attributed to known species within the LH-PCR database could be solved by comparing them with species identified by PCR-DGGE. Overall, this study also showed that LH-PCR is a promising method for use in the food microbiology field, indicating the necessity to expand the LH-PCR database, which is based, up to now, mainly on LAB isolates from dairy produc

Occurrence of Giardia Sp. in ruminants in Serbia

Giardia spp. are flagellates that are found in the intestinal tract of humans and other mammals, birds and amphibians. Infections with giardia have been reported widely in livestock and companion animals in different parts of the world. Evidence of infection in humans and animals of Giardia duodenalis. especially of assemblage A and B has firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease. At ruminants giardiasis usually result with diarrhea, especially in young animals, which in turn adversely affect production resulting in economic loses. So far, no research has been done related to giardiasis in small ruminat and cattle in Serbia, and here we present the results of the first studies of the presence of giardiasis in ruminants in our country

Association between characteristics at birth, breastfeeding and obesity in 22 countries: the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI 2015/2017

Objectives: It was the aim of this paper to investigate the association of early-life factors, namely breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, with obesity among children. ----- Method: Data from 22 participating countries in the WHO European COSI study (round 4: 2015/2017) were collected using cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of 6- to 9-year-olds (n = 100,583). The children's standardized weight and height measurements followed a common WHO protocol. Information on the children's birth weight and breastfeeding practice and duration was collected through a family record form. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis regarding breastfeeding practice (both general and exclusive) and characteristics at birth was performed. ----- Results: The highest prevalence rates of obesity were observed in Spain (17.7%), Malta (17.2%) and Italy (16.8%). A wide between-country disparity in breastfeeding prevalence was found. Tajikistan had the highest percentage of children that were breastfed for ≥6 months (94.4%) and exclusively breastfed for ≥6 months (73.3%). In France, Ireland and Malta, only around 1 in 4 children was breastfed for ≥6 months. Italy and Malta showed the highest prevalence of obesity among children who have never been breastfed (21.2%), followed by Spain (21.0%). The pooled analysis showed that, compared to children who were breastfed for at least 6 months, the odds of being obese were higher among children never breastfed or breastfed for a shorter period, both in case of general (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] [95% CI] 1.22 [1.16-1.28] and 1.12 [1.07-1.16], respectively) and exclusive breastfeeding (adjOR [95% CI] 1.25 [1.17-1.36] and 1.05 [0.99-1.12], respectively). Higher birth weight was associated with a higher risk of being overweight, which was reported in 11 out of the 22 countries. Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy, Poland and Romania showed that children who were preterm at birth had higher odds of being obese, compared to children who were full-term babies. ----- Conclusion: The present work confirms the beneficial effect of breastfeeding against obesity, which was highly increased if children had never been breastfed or had been breastfed for a shorter period. Nevertheless, adoption of exclusive breastfeeding is below global recommendations and far from the target endorsed by the WHO Member States at the World Health Assembly Global Targets for Nutrition of increasing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50% by 2025

Gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Serbia

During study of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Serbia, performed from 2010 to 2020 we collected fecal samples from 470 herds in various part of Serbia. Samples were colected at monthly intervals and we examined more than 6500 faecal samples. Examination was performed using standard coprological technique. During ten years 738 sheep and goats we were examined by post-mortem examination. Determination of adult parasites and eggs of parasites were done by morphological characteristic. During these investigations, the following GI helminths were found in sheep:: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicoliis, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus abnormalis, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia zurnabada, Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Chabertia ovina. In goats, the presence has been establishedOstertagia circumcincta, O. ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Trichostrongylus axei, T. Colubriformis, T. capricola, Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosum i Cooperia curticei. The intensity of infection and polyparasitsm was monitored in relation to the age of sheep and goats. It was found that in younger animals intensity of infection was lower than that of older animals. The dynamics of the first appearance of established gastrointestinal strongylid species in both populations of small ruminants was as follows: in March in sheep faeces we have occurred eggs of Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Nematodirus sp.. In May, were observed infection withBunostomum sp. and Chabertia spp. (ovina);. During June we had first record of Skrjabinema sp.. In Modern Trends in Agricultural Production, Rural Development, Agro-economy, Cooperatives and Environmental ProtectionJuly were established eggs of Haemonchus sp. (contortus) and Cooperia sp. finally, in October and Novembar, before withdrawing sheep from the pasture, we showed the presence of Marshallagia sp