TUNA FISH FOREIGH TRADE EXCHANGE

Tuna je jedna od najcjenjenijih morskih riba. Zbog svoje brzine i građe tijela izvrstan je lovac koji se hrani drugom sitnijom ribom, rakovima i glavonošcima. Osam je poznatih vrsta ove životinje od kojih je najveća i najcjenjenija vrsta tune plavih peraja ''Thunnus Thynnus''. Meso tune je iznimno nutritivno bogato, sadrži visok postotak proteina i vrlo malo masti zbog čega je omiljen obrok sportaša i svih osoba pojačane fizičke aktivnosti, te odličan izbor za zdravu prehranu i prevenciju raznih bolesti. Predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih hrvatskih izvoznih proizvoda, koji je usmjeren prema Japanskom tržištu. U Hrvatskoj se tuna najčešće uzgaja i dohranjuje u posebnim kavezima kako bi dosegla veličinu potrebnu za izvoz. Kavezni uzgoj kod nas je relativno nova djelatnost nastala unazad desetak godina, ali predstavlja svojevrstan preporod našeg ribarstva. Od vrsta se najviše uzgaja tuna plavih peraja ''Thunnus Thynnus'' koja zbog visoke kvalitete mesa na japanskom tržištu doseže zavidne cijene. Godine nekontroliranog izlova tune pogodovale su nastanku crnog tržišta koje je dovelo u pitanje opstanak vrste. U svrhu toga osnovana je Međunarodna komisija za očuvanje i zaštitu atlantskih tuna (ICCAT) čiji je osnovni cilj praćenje stanja biozaliha tuna i njima sličnih vrsta. Na temelju procjene stanja biozaliha, državama članicama određuju se godišnje mjere zaštite i kvote. Hrvatska je punopravni član ICCAT-a od 1997. godine. Hrvatska najviše izvozi svježe, rashlađeno ili smrznuto meso atlantske plavorepe tune, a uvozi pripremljenu i konzerviranu tunu različitih vrsta. Količinski gledano uvoz i izvoz su podjednaki, ali se izvozom zbog visoke kvalitete proizvoda ostvaruju višestruki prihodi i održava pozitivna vanjskotrgovinska bilanca. Prema istraživanju Hrvatska je vodeća zemlja u Europi u količini uzgojene atlantske plavoperajne tune. Uzgoj tune u Hrvatskoj predstavlja relativno mladu, no bez obzira na to vrlo važnu djelatnost koju treba poticati i promovirati jer ima veliku važnosti za hrvatsko gospodarstvo i vanjskotrgovinsku politiku.The tuna is one of the most appreciated sea fish. Because of it's body shape, speed and agility, the tuna is an excellent hunter and feeds itself with other smaller fish, crabs and cephalopods. There are eight types of this fish, but the biggest and most valued one is the blue fin tuna ''Thunnus Thynnus''. Tuna meat is extremely nutritive since it contains a high percentage of protein and very few fats. This makes it a perfect meal for sportsmen or people with high phisical acivity, also an excellent choice for a healthy diet and prevention of various diseases.It represents one of Croatia most important export products which is targeted towards the Japanese market. In Croatia, the tuna is most commonly breeded and fed in special cages so it can meet the requirements needed for export. The cage breeding is a relatively new activity in Croatia, started about ten years ago, but it represents sort of a revival of the croatian fishing industry. The blue fin tuna ''Thunnus Thynnus'' is the most breeded one and because of it's high quality meat it reaches high prices on the Japanese market.The years of uncontrolled fishing of tunas' have helped the development of the black market which brough to question the survival of the species. In that regard, the International comission for the preservation and protection of the atlantic tuna (ICCAT) was established and it's core function is monitoring the state of the resources of tuna and similar species. Based on the evaluation of resources, yearly safety measures and quotas are determined for each member state. Croatia is a full member of the ICCAT since 1997.Croatia mostly exports fresh, chilled or frozen meat of the atlantic bluefin tuna and imports processed and canned tuna of different sorts. Quantitatively speaking, the export and the import are quite the same, but, because of the high quality of the products, exports bring more revenue and keeps a positive foreign trade balance. According to research, Croatia is the leading country in Europe in the quantity of breeded Atlantic blue fin tuna. Tuna farming in croatia represents a relatively young activity, regardless a very important one which needs to be encouraged and promoted because of it's importance to the Croatian economy and foreign trade policy

THE MIDDLE SMITHIAN (EARLY TRIASSIC) AMMONOIDS OF GORNJI BRČELI (SOUTHERN MONTENEGRO)

A rich Early Triassic (Smithian) ammonoid fauna discovered near the village of Gornji Brčeli (southern Montenegro) is unique for the Early Triassic of the western Tethys. The Smithian there is represented by a series of several tens of meters thick brown-red to grey-green marls and clays with intercalated, mica-rich, thin dark grey sandstones, and subordinate occurence of redeposited oolitic limestone. The fossils have been collected as scree material over a few square meters but are considered as contemporaneous since no unnatural association (condensation) was detected. The ammonoid assemblage is represented by 15 species, belonging to the genera Aspenites, Cordillerites, Dieneroceras, Abrekites, Owenites, Pseudaspenites, Pseudosageceras, Truempyceras, Wyomingites, Hanielites, Galfettites, Parahedenstroemia, Lingyunites and Pseudoflemingites, and can, by the presence of Owenites zitteli Smith, be correlated with the late Middle Smithian Nyamalites angustecostatus beds of the southern Tethys, the upper Owenites koeneni beds of South China or the Owenites beds of North America. Taxonomic composition of the ammonoid assemblage shows great similiarity with those of Spiti (India), NW Guangxi (China) and Nevada (USA), but also some with those of Salt Range (Pakistan) and Timor. A markedly dominance of involute, oxycone and platycone morphologies distinguishes the Gornji Brčeli fauna from other contemporaneous faunas and points to specific palaeoecological environmental conditions. Previously, three new species were described from this locality and in the present paper one more is added (Parahedenstroemia? tatjanae). Two species hitherto considered as synonyms (Abrekites arthaberi and Owenites zitteli) are revised and treated as valid based on new material from Gornji Brčeli

Foreign trade exchange of tuna

Tuna je jedna od najcjenjenijih morskih riba. Meso tune je iznimno nutritivno bogato, sadrži visok postotak proteina i vrlo malo masti, zbog čega je odličan izbor za zdravu prehranu i prevenciju raznih bolesti. Predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih hrvatskih izvoznih proizvoda, koji je usmjeren prema japanskom tržištu. U Hrvatskoj se tuna najčešće uzgaja i dohranjuje u posebnim kavezima kako bi dosegla veličinu potrebnu za izvoz. Godine nekontroliranog izlova tune pogodovale su nastanku crnog tržišta koje je dovelo u pitanje opstanak vrste. U tu je svrhu osnovana Međunarodna komisija za očuvanje i zaštitu atlantskih tuna (ICCAT) čiji je osnovni cilj praćenje stanja biozaliha tuna i njima sličnih vrsta. Hrvatska najviše izvozi svježe, rashlađeno ili smrznuto meso atlantske plavorepe tune, a uvozi pripremljenu i konzerviranu tunu različitih vrsta. Količinski gledano, uvoz i izvoz su podjednaki, ali se izvozom zbog visoke kvalitete proizvoda ostvaruju višestruki prihodi i održava pozitivna vanjskotrgovinska bilanca. Uzgoj tune u Hrvatskoj predstavlja relativno mladu, no bez obzira na to vrlo važnu djelatnost koju treba poticati i promovirati jer ima veliku važnost za hrvatsko gospodarstvo i vanjskotrgovinsku politiku.The tuna is one of the most appreciated sea fish. Tuna meat is extremely nutritive since it contains a high percentage of protein and very few fats. This makes it a perfect meal and excellent choice for a healthy diet and prevention of various diseases.It represents one of Croatia most important export products which is targeted towards the Japanese market. In Croatia, the tuna is most commonly breeded and fed in special cages so it can meet the requirements needed for export. The years of uncontrolled fishing of tunas’ have helped the development of the black market which brough to question the survival of the species. In that regard, the International comission for the preservation and protection of the atlantic tuna (ICCAT) was established and it’s core function is monitoring the state of the resources of tuna and similar species. Croatia mostly exports fresh, chilled or frozen meat of the atlantic bluefin tuna and imports processed and canned tuna of different sorts. Quantitatively speaking, the export and the import are quite the same, but, because of the high quality of the products, exports bring more revenue and keeps a positive foreign trade balance. Tuna farming in Croatia represents a relatively young activity, regardless a very important one which needs to be encouraged and promoted because of it’s importance to the Croatian economy and foreign trade policy

A high fat diet induces sex-specific differences in hepatic lipid metabolism and nitrite/nitrate in rats

This work is supported by the grants No.173033 and III41028 from the Ministry of Science, Republic of Serbia.Men and women differ substantially in regard to the severity of insulin resistance (IR) but the underlying mechanism(s) of how this occurs is poorly characterized. We investigated whether a high fat (HF) diet resulted in sex-specific differences in nitrite/nitrate production and lipid metabolism and whether these variances may contribute to altered obesity-induced IR. Male and female Wistar rats were fed a standard laboratory diet or a HF diet for 10 weeks. The level of plasma nitrite/nitrate, as well as free fatty acid (FFA), in both plasma and liver lysates were assessed. The levels of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), p65 subunit of NFκB, total and phosphorylated forms of Akt, mTOR and PDK-1 in lysates, and the levels of glucose transporter 2 (Glut-2) and fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36) in plasma membrane fractions of liver were assessed. HF-fed male rats exhibited a significant increase in plasma nitrite/nitrate, and hepatic FFA and FAT/CD36 levels compared with controls. They also displayed a relative decrease in iNOS and Glut-2 levels in the liver. Phosphorylation of Akt (at Ser473 and Thr308), mTOR and PDK-1 was also reduced. HF-fed female rats exhibited increased levels of NFκB-p65 in liver compared with controls, while levels of Glut-2, FAT/CD36 and Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 and PDK-1 were decreased. Our results reveal that altered lipid and glucose metabolism in obesity, lead to altered iNOS expression and nitrite/nitrate production. It is likely that this mechanism contributes to sex-specific differences in the development of IR.PostprintPeer reviewe

Follicular and serum levels of vitamin D in women with unexplained infertility and their relationship with in vitro fertilization outcome: an observational pilot study

Follicular and serum vitamin D are considered potential markers of the oocyte and embryos' quality and predictors of IVF outcomes. Material and methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study correlated vitamin D in sera and follicular fluid of women with unexplained..

Regulation of nitric oxide production in hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that predominantly occurs in females. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the molecular mechanism is not known. Disturbance in lipid metabolism, the regulation of oxidative stress, and inflammation characterize the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism. The initiation and progression of endothelial dysfunction also exhibit these changes, which is the initial step in developing CVD. Animal and human studies highlight the critical role of nitric oxide (NO) as a reliable biomarker for cardiovascular risk in subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism. In this review, we summarize the recent literature findings associated with NO production by the thyroid hormones in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We also discuss the levothyroxine treatment effect on serum NO levels in hypothyroid patients. © 2020 The Author

The Na+/K+-ATPase: A potential therapeutic target in cardiometabolic diseases

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a direct consequence of modern living and contribute to the development of multisystem diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). CMD has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. A sodium pump (Na + /K + -ATPase) is found in most eukaryotic cells’ membrane and controls many essential cellular functions directly or indirectly. This ion transporter and its isoforms are important in the pathogenesis of some pathological processes, including CMD. The structure and function of Na + /K + -ATPase, its expression and distribution in tissues, and its interactions with known ligands such as cardiotonic steroids and other suspected endogenous regulators are discussed in this review. In addition, we reviewed recent literature data related to the involvement of Na + /K + -ATPase activity dysfunction in CMD, focusing on the Na + /K + -ATPase as a potential therapeutic target in CMD

Redox control of vascular biology

Redox control is lost when the antioxidant defense system cannot remove abnormally high concentrations of signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronically elevated levels of ROS cause oxidative stress that may eventually lead to cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on redox effects in the vascular system. We pay close attention to the subcompartments of the vascular system (endothelium, smooth muscle cell layer) and give an overview of how redox changes influence those different compartments. We also review the core aspects of redox biology, cardiovascular physiology, and pathophysiology. Moreover, the topic-specific knowledgebase DES-RedoxVasc was used to develop two case studies, one focused on endothelial cells and the other on the vascular smooth muscle cells, as a starting point to possibly extend our knowledge of redox control in vascular biology. © 2019 The Authors. BioFactors published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

The role of L-Arginine in cardiovascular system

Esencijalna aminokiselina, L-Arginin (L-Arg) ima veoma važnu ulogu u kardiovaskularnom sistemu. Podaci iz literature pokazuju da je L-Arg jedini supstrat za produkciju azot-monoksida (NO), preko koga L-Arg i ostvaruje svoje efekte na kardiovaskularni sistem. Kao slobodni radikal, NO se sintetiše u svim ćelijama sisara od L-Arg uz aktivnost enzima NO sintaze (NOS). U stanjima hipertenzije, dijabetesa, hiperholesterolemije i vaskularne inflamacije dolazi do poremećaja metaboličkog puta sinteze NO od L-Arg, što sve zajedno dovodi do oštećenja krvnih sudova. Kliničke studije ukazuju da L-Arg može imati efekte na trombocite, proces koagulacije kao i na fibrinolitički sistem. U okviru ovog preglednog članka sumirani su najnoviji podaci iz literature koji sugerišu da bi L-Arg mogao biti jedan od bitnih terapeutskih molekula u poboljšanju lečenja kardiovaskularnih poremećaja.The essential amino acid, L-Arginine (L-Arg) has an important role in the cardiovascular system. Literature data show that L-Arg is the only substrate for the production of nitric oxide (NO), from which L-Arg develops its effects on the cardiovascular system. As a free radical, NO is synthesized in all mammal cells by L-Arg with the activity of NO synthase (NOS). In the states of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and vascular inflammation, a disorder occurs in the metabolic pathway of the synthesis of NO from L-Arg which all together bring alterations to blood vessels. Clinical studies show that L-Arg has an effect on thrombocytes, the process of coagulation and the fibrolytic system. All the new data summarized in this review suggest that L-Arg could be one of important therapeutic molecules for improving cardiovascular disorders

Genetic Markers for Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) are recognized as leading causes of mortality in developed countries. Although typically associated with behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits, such vascular phenotypes have also long been recognized as being related to genetic background. We review the currently available data concerning genetic markers for CAD in English and non-English articles with English abstracts published between 2003 and 2018. As genetic testing is increasingly available, it may be possible to identify adequate genetic markers representing the risk profile and to use them in a clinical setting. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland