Particle drift potential of mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl tank mixture in a low-speed wind tunnel

Particle drift happens during herbicide application when droplets travel outside the intended site. Different nozzles produce various range of droplets, so they play a very important role in coverage and drift occasions. When nozzles produce small droplets, the potential for off-target movement is very high. Another important factor determining particle drift is the distance between crops. Wind velocity gives the energy to herbicide particles to move away from the target place. Therefore, a drift simulation of herbicide (mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl mixture) was done in a wind tunnel, using different nozzles Extended Range (XR) and Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI). The wind speed was set at 4.4 m/s, representing the least favourable conditions where applications are possible. In the wind tunnel, eight crops (cantaloupe, cotton, green bean, pumpkin, soybean, sunflower, wheat, and watermelon) were positioned at 4, 6, 9, and 12 m downwind distances from the nozzle, and drift was simulated. Following treatments, plants were returned to a greenhouse for 28 days, and biomass reduction was recorded. Artificial collectors (Mylar cards) and water sensitive cards were positioned alongside plants. According to obtained results, spraying with XR nozzle influences higher injuries than TTI nozzle. Tracer deposition was higher at all distances when XR nozzle was used. Accordingly, droplet numbers, covered area, Volume Median Diameter (VMD), and deposition were higher on water sensitive cards when spraying were done using XR nozzle. As a consequence, higher biomass reduction occurred using the XR nozzle. The most sensitive crops were cantaloupe, pumpkin and sunflower, while the most tolerant were soybean and wheat

The Influence of Universities of Applied Sciences on the Increase of Adult Participation in Life-Long Learning

Modern economy already went deeply into the area of service-oriented economy and labour market demands for highly educated workers. Not every profession, for which higher education is necessary, requires a classical university tuition. Rather, it requires a vocationally trained student/worker. Nevertheless, lifelong learning programs have a significant effect on the employability of workers. In this paper we discuss the effect of a university of applied sciences as an institution usually located in smaller urban areas and, more importantly, usually a higher education institution that has focuses more on training and vocation, rather than science work. Since lifelong learning is strongly connected with the European union, its goals and funding will also be discussed in this pape

Comunidade do Faraó: Práticas Camponesas na Área de Influência do Complexo Petroquímico do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ).

A pesquisa analisa os impactos socioambientais enfrentados pela Comunidade Tradicional do Faraó, em Cachoeiras de Macacu decorrentes da reestruturação espacial promovida pela paralisação do COMPERJ, inviabilizando a economia local e liberando força de trabalho utilizada no apoio ao empreendimento. As famílias na comunidade tiveram o cotidiano e sua permanência alterada por problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos, com o aumento das tensões envolvendo diversos atores em relação ao uso da terra, constatando articulações entre esses atores em função do avanço da industrialização e da urbanização do campo, transformando-os de campesinato em proletários rurais ou urbanos. Assim, recomendou-se o fortalecimento da comunidade do Faraó, mediante ações de fomento e formativas agroecológicas, agroflorestais e de recuperação os recursos hídricos, estimulando a equidade de gênero e a juventude rural, mediante ações de turismo ecológico e comunitário, mitigando os efeitos da vulnerabilidade social e econômica decorrentes dos impactos da inconclusa construção do COMPERJ.La recherche analyse les impacts socio-environnementaux de la communauté traditionnelle du Pharaon, dans Cachoeiras de Macacu, en raison de la restructuration spatiale favorisée par l'arrêt de COMPERJ, irréalisable l'économie locale et libérant la main -d'œuvre utilisée pour soutenir l'entreprise. Les familles de la communauté avaient leur vie quotidienne et leur permanence changées par des problèmes environnementaux, sociaux et économiques, avec des tensions croissantes impliquant plusieurs acteurs liés à l'utilisation des terres, trouvant des articulations entre eux en raison du progrès de l'industrialisation et de l'urbanisation des campagnes. en les transformant de paysans en prolétaires ruraux ou urbains. Ainsi, le renforcement de la communauté du pharaons a été recommandé, à travers des actions de fomentation et de formation agroécologique, agroforesterie et restauration des ressources de l’eau, stimuler l'équité de genre et la jeunesse rurale, sur actions de tourisme écologique et communautaire, atténuer les effets de la vulnérabilité sociale et économique résultant des impacts de la construction inachevée de COMPERJ.La investigación analiza los impactos socioambientales enfrentados por la Comunidad Tradicional del Faraón en Cascadas de Macacu que se derivan de la reestructuración espacial promovida por la paralización del COMPERJ, inviabilizando la economía local y liberando fuerza de trabajo utilizada en el apoyo al emprendimiento. Las familias en la comunidad, tuvieron el cotidiano y su permanencia alterada por problemas ambientales, sociales y económicos, con el aumento de las tensiones involucrando a diversos actores en relación al uso de la tierra, constatando articulaciones entre esos actores en función del avance de la industrialización y de la urbanización del mismo, campo, transformándolos en el campesinado en proletarios rurales o urbanos. Así, se recomienda el fortalecimiento de la comunidad del Faraón, mediante acciones de fomento y formativas agroecológicas, agroforestales y de recuperación de los recursos hídricos, estimulando la equidad de género, la juventud rural mediante acciones de turismo ecológico y comunitario, mitigando los efectos de la vulnerabilidad social y económica derivadas de los impactos de la inconclusa construcción del COMPERJ.The research analyzes the social and environmental impacts faced by the Traditional Community of the Pharaoh in Cachoeiras de Macacu resulting from the spatial restructuring promoted by the COMPERJ paralysis, rendering the local economy unfeasible and releasing the work force used to support the enterprise. The families in the community had their daily lives and their permanence changed by environmental, social and economic problems, with increasing tensions involving different actors in relation to land use, noting links between these actors as a result of the progress of industrialization and urbanization. the peasantry into rural or urban proletarians. Thus, it is recommended the strengthening of the community of the Pharaoh, through agro - ecological and agroforestry promotion and training, agroforestry and recovery of water resources, stimulating gender equity, rural youth through ecological and community tourism actions, mitigating the effects of vulnerability social and economic consequences of the unfinished construction of COMPERJ

FETAL BEHAVIOUR: WHAT DOES FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND ADD?

Jedna od mogućih primjena 4D ultrazvuka je analiza fetalnog ponašanja za ocjenu funkcionalnog razvoja središnjeg živčanog sustava kao mjerila neurološkog sazrijevanja. Obrasci ponašanja fetusa s normalnim rastom i razvojem pokazuju određena pravila u pogledu vremena i učestalosti pojavljivanja. Postoje znatna odstupanja u kvantiteti i kvaliteti pokreta u fetusa s anencefalijom ili s intrauterinim zastojem u rastu kao i u fetusa majki sa šećernom bolešću tipa I. U pogledu analize fetalnog ponašanja vrijeme će pokazati koliki je nesrazmjer između naših pretpostavki i stvarnih mogućnosti četvero-dimenzionalnog ultrazvuka.One of possible applications of four-dimensional sonography is analysis of fetal behaviour in order to reach assessment of functional development of CNS as measure of neurological maturation. Patterns of fetal behaviour in fetuses¬ with normal growth and development show aberrations regarding time and frequency of appearances in anencephalic or growth retarded fetuses and fetuses from mother with diabetes mellitus type I. In times to come, it will be shown how high is disproportion between our hypothesis and real possibilities of four-dimensional sonography regarding analysis of fetal behaviour

Flowering period of hazel cultivars and dihogamy incidence in agro-ecological conditions of continental Croatia

Istraživanja su provedena u Orahovici na tri sorte lijeske: Istarski duguljasti, Rimski i Haleški. Pojedinačno je promatrana cvatnja muških i ženskih cvjetova prema čemu je izrađen fenogram cvatnje. Cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje fenofaza cvatnje lijeske, pojave homogamije i dihogamije te ovisnost cvatnje o klimatskim prilikama. Pokazalo se da pojava protandrije, protoginije i homogamije nije isključivo sortno svojstvo već je ovisna o sezonskim klimatskim prilikama. Na području Orahovice najčešće se pojavljuje protoginija. Protandrija se pojavljuje rjeđe i to u godinama s većom sumom srednjih dnevnih temperatura u dekadi koja prethodi cvatnji. Na osnovi izrađenog fenograma cvatnje vidljivo je da se tri odabrane sorte dobro nadopunjuju i međusobno osiguravaju dobro oprašivanje bez obzira na nepovoljne klimatske prilike koje vladaju za vrijeme cvatnje.Research was conducted on three hazel cultivars: Istarski duguljasti, Romische Zellernuss and Hallesche Riesen in Orahovica. Flowering of male and female inflorescences was observed individually according to which flowering phenogramme was completed. The aim of this research was to determine the flowering pattern of hazel, occurrence of homogamy and dichogamy and influence of weather conditions on flowering. It was observed that appearance of protandry, protogyny and homogamy is not solely varietal characteristic, but depends on seasonal climatic conditions as well. In the Orahovica area protogyny mostly occurs. Protandry occurs rarely, mainly in the years with higher sum of average daily temperatures in a decade that precedes the flowering. Based on created flowering phenogramme it is visible that all three cultivars complement each other and guarantee good pollination irrespective of possible adverse climatic conditions that can occur during flowering

Pedotransfer funkcije za procjenu gustoće šumskih tala

The data of 45 soil profiles from a 16 × 16 km grid across Slo­venia was analysed to develop a local pedotransfer function (PTF) for bulk den­sity (.b) estimation. In total, 106 soil horizons were considered. Concentration of organic carbon (OC) was found to be well correlated (r = -0.861, p < 0.001) with .b. Two separate line segments were fitted to the data, which was partitio­ned into two intervals, based on OC content (below 36.0 g/kg and above 36.0 g/kg). Nearly 80 % of the variability in .b is explained with segmented re­gression. The local PTF was compared with published PTFs and four valida­tions indices (MPE, SDPE, RMSPE and R2) confirmed the highest prediction quality of the local PTF. The differences of carbon stock (Cpool) estimation, based on usage of different PTFs could be higher than 160 t OC per hectare. Predic­tion of carbon stocks could be substantially improved by calibration of the mo­dels coefficients with data stratified according to each unique soil type.S obzirom na vremensku zahtjevnost i veliku količinu rada po­trebnog za uzorkovanja i analize kemijskih i fizikalnih svojstava šumskih tala, razvoj alternativnih metoda je vrlo važan. Korištenjem pedotransfer funkcija (PTF), znanstvenici koji se bave proučavanjem tala mogu dobiti informaciju o najvažnijim svojstvima tala koja je inače teško (skupo ili vremenski zahtjevno) dobiti. PTF se mogu definirati kao statistički modeli za predviđanje fizikalnih (gustoća, hidraulička svojstva, itd.) i kemijskih (npr. kapacitet za izmjenu ka­tiona) svojstava tla iz drugih, dostupnijih ili rutinski analiziranih svojstava. Cilj ovog rada je bio razviti lokalnu PTF za procjenu gustoće mineralnog di­jela šumskih tala Slovenije. Na osnovi literature, hipoteza je bila da (1) gustoća snažno korelira s konce4ntracijom organskog ugljika (OC) i (2) lokalna PTF daje bolčje vrijednosti od objavljenih pedotransfer funkcija. Podaci 45 profila tla s bioindikacijske 16 x 16 km mreže u Sloveniji su anali­zirani s ciljem razvijanja lokalne pedotransfer funkcije za procjenu gustoće tla. Ukupno je obrađeno 106 profila tla. Uzorci za procjenu gustoće tla uzeti su u pet ponavljanja korištenjem metal­nih O-prstenova zapremine 5 cm3. U laboratoriju su uzorci tla osušeni na 105 °C i izvagani za daljnje kemijske i fizikalne analize. Korištene su sljedeće analitičke metode: pH je određen u KCl prema ISO 10390 na automatskom ph-metru Me­trohm Titrino, sadržaj C i N je određen prema ISO 10694 i/ili 13878 na elemen­tarnom analizatoru Leco CNS-2000, karbonati prema ISO 10693 Scheiblerovim kalcimetrom a mehanički nsastav tla prema ISO 11277 sedimentnom metodom i pipetom prema Köhnu. Jednostavna i multipla regresija korištene su za predviđanje .b korištenjem različitih zavisnih varijabla, a testirani su također i regresijski modeli sa seg­mentnim odnosima. Koncentracija organskog ugljika (OC) dobro korelira (r = -0.861, p < 0.001) s gustoćom tla. Dva odvojena segmenta linije izjednačenja uklopljeni su u poda­tke koji su razdijeljeni u dva intervala prema sadržaju OC (ispod i iznad 36,0 g/kg). Gotovo 80 % varijabiliteta gustoće tla objašnjeno je segmentnom re­gresijom (Slika 4.). Lokalna pedotransfer funkcija uspoređena je s objavljenim funkcijama a če­tiri indeksa validacije (MPE, SDPE, RMSPE and R2) potvrdila su najveću kvali­tetu predviđanja lokalne pedotransfer funkcije (Slika 5.). Razlike u procjeni zalihe ugljika u tlu (Cpool) različitih pedotransfer funkcija bile su veće od 160 t/ha (Tablica 4.). Predviđanje zaliha ugljika moglo bi biti značajno unaprijeđeno kalibracijom koeficijenata u modelima pomoću podataka razvrstanih prema vrsti tla

Low nicosulfuron and mesotrione rates influence on various crops

Nicosulfuron as sulfonylurea and mesotrione as triketone are some of the most used herbicides for weed control in maize. The potential off-target movement and plant injuries of these herbicides were evaluated in a bioassay under controlled conditions. Both herbicides were applied in rates of 0.005X, 0.001X, 0.05X, 0.01X, 0.1X, 0.25X, 0.5X, 1X, 2X, and 4X, where X corresponds to 60 g ai ha-1, and 120 g ai ha-1 for nicosulfuron and mesotrione, respectively. Seven species were tested: lettuce, oil pumpkin, oilseed rape, paprika, soybean, sunflower, and tomato. After applications, plants were returned to the greenhouse and grown for more 21 days and following parameters were evaluated: visual injuries, leaf area, height, and dry biomass. All data were converted into a percentage of reduction compared to untreated control. The data were subjected to a non-linear regression analysis by four-parameter log-logistic model using R statistics. According to obtained results, rates of 0.03 and 0.06 X for nicosulfruon and mesotrione, respectively influenced all measured parameters. The most sensitive species to both herbicides was lettuce. The rates of 4.8 g and 6.1g of nicosulfruon reduced biomass by 80% in tomato and oil pumpkin, while 0.2 g and 0.9 g of mesotrione reduced biomass by 80%. Since our results have reported significant injuries following low herbicide rates, herbicide drift must be mitigated in order to prevent potential negative influence on the environment

Particle drift potential of mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl tank mixture in a low-speed wind tunnel

Particle drift happens during herbicide application when droplets travel outside the intended site. Different nozzles produce various range of droplets, so they play a very important role in coverage and drift occasions. When nozzles produce small droplets, the potential for off-target movement is very high. Another important factor determining particle drift is the distance between crops. Wind velocity gives the energy to herbicide particles to move away from the target place. Therefore, a drift simulation of herbicide (mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl mixture) was done in a wind tunnel, using different nozzles Extended Range (XR) and Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI). The wind speed was set at 4.4 m/s, representing the least favourable conditions where applications are possible. In the wind tunnel, eight crops (cantaloupe, cotton, green bean, pumpkin, soybean, sunflower, wheat, and watermelon) were positioned at 4, 6, 9, and 12 m downwind distances from the nozzle, and drift was simulated. Following treatments, plants were returned to a greenhouse for 28 days, and biomass reduction was recorded. Artificial collectors (Mylar cards) and water sensitive cards were positioned alongside plants. According to obtained results, spraying with XR nozzle influences higher injuries than TTI nozzle. Tracer deposition was higher at all distances when XR nozzle was used. Accordingly, droplet numbers, covered area, Volume Median Diameter (VMD), and deposition were higher on water sensitive cards when spraying were done using XR nozzle. As a consequence, higher biomass reduction occurred using the XR nozzle. The most sensitive crops were cantaloupe, pumpkin and sunflower, while the most tolerant were soybean and wheat