5 research outputs found
Contemporary Approach with Mitral Valve Allograft in the Treatment of Tricuspid Valve Pathology
Symptomatic tricuspid valve diseases are associated with a high risk of heart failure and poor prognosis. The current valve substitutes still carry the risk of associated complications. Allografts have been considered a valuable surgical option for decades since the first reports were introduced. The challenging surgical technique along with controversial results and homograft shortage discourage surgical society from wider use of allografts in tricuspid surgery. The largest world surgical experience with mitral allograft in the treatment of tricuspid valve disease is described in the study. A total of 20 patients underwent tricuspid valve replacement by mitral homograft in two clinics from October 2021 to February 2023. Surgical technique and initial results are presented in the chapter. There was no early mortality, postoperative bleeding, myocardium infarction, stroke, or sternal wound infection. Two patients needed permanent pacemaker implantation after redoing surgery before discharge. In the follow-up period, two patients suffered from a relapse of infective endocarditis in 3 and 6Β months postoperatively with moderate homograft dysfunction, none of them underwent reintervention. There was no late mortality or permanent pacemaker implantation in the follow-up period. Satisfactory clinical and hemodynamic results, reproduceable technique and accessibility make homografts plausible valve substitutes in tricuspid surgery
ΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π ΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
HighlightsThe authors have studied anemia`s impact on the long-term mortality after mitral valve surgery. The research results indicate the need to address this modifiable factor in the preoperative period.Β Aim. To analyze the impact of anemia on the long-term survival of patients after mitral valve surgery.Methods. The study included 103 patients, 46 of them were men, 57 were women. Thirteen patients presented with anemia before surgery, and 90 patients did not have anemia. The survival rate of patients was compared using the Kaplan-Meier estimate.Results. The survival rate after surgery in the group of patients without anemia was higher compared with patients with anemia (p = 0,002). By the end of the follow-up period, the survival rate among patients without anemia reached 50.2%, whereas among patients with anemia it was 0.0%.Conclusion. Anemia is an independent predictor of complications in the postoperative period in patients with low preoperative hemoglobin levels. According to the results, the presence of anemia increases the risk of adverse events by 7.71 times in the preoperative period. Moreover, patients without anemia had the highest (up to 50.2%) survival rate in the long-term period, while patients with anemia had a survival rate equal to 0.0%.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅.Β Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 103 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, 46 ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ 57 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Ρ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β 13 ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, Π±Π΅Π· Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ β 90. Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° β ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΅ΡΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ (p = 0,002). Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π· Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ 50,2%, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ β 0,0%.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² 7,71 ΡΠ°Π·Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π· Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅, 50,2%, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ β 0,0%
ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°
HighlightsThe article presents the latest data on the techniques of implantation of the mitral homograft in the tricuspid position, and identifies groups of patients who are best suited for this method. Moreover, the article describes the evolution of this type of replacement, and highlights that many surgical techniques, although justified, require further study to show demonstrate their advantages.Β AbstractDespite the general trend in cardiac surgery towards valve-preserving interventions, valve replacements remain relevant, and the search for the perfect prosthetic valve continues. Many believe that tricuspid valve replacement using a mitral homograft can be the method of choice in certain situations.Β The analysis of the studies found in the PubMed database led the authors to the following conclusions: most of the data on the use of this technique in patients with infective endocarditis (IE), other indications are congenital heart disease (CHD) and rheumatic heart disease. Patients with IE who have undergone tricuspid valve replacement using a mitral homograft have good medium-term prospects, and respond well to medical treatment of recurrent IE. The mitral homograft in the tricuspid position remains intact even after prosthetic endocarditis. In this regard, it is possible to perform reconstructive intervention in case of prosthetic valve dysfunction without the need for repeated replacement. Such interventions are relevant for patients with growing heart for whom annuloplasty at the first stage of surgery is undesirable. Moreover, it is also cost-effective due to the high cost and low availability of homografts. The possibility of repeated tricuspid valve-in-valve replacement is important for patients who may not survive open surgery. To date, there are not enough long-term and short-term data on using a mitral homograft for tricuspid valve replacement, however, it can be assumed that the results of this technique will be positive provided that the appropriate implantation technique and strict patient selection are ensured. Many authors have come to the conclusion that the optimal homograft implantation technique includes sewing of the graft`s papillary muscles into the wall of the myocardium of the right ventricle (RV), fixating them on the outer surface of the RV, anatomical positioning of the homograft (anterior leaflet faces towards the IVS), and the use of an annuloplasty ring.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
PubMed, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°. Π ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·-Π²-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Β» ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Β«ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Β» Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ), ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ