Trends in the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in Russian Federation according to the Federal Diabetes Register (2013–2016)

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) that is why its necessary to study the epidemiological characteristics of this complication. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of DR and blindness in adult patients with type 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) diabetes in Russian Federation (RF) for period 201316years. Materials and methods: Database of Federal Diabetes register, 81st regions included in the online register. Indicators were estimated per 10,000 adult DM patients (18years). Results: In 2016 the DR prevalence in RF was T1 38,3%, T2 15,0%, with marked interregional differences: 2,666,1%, 1,146,4%, respectively. The DR prevalence within 20132016 years was: T1 3830,93805,6; T2 1586,01497,0. Trend of new DR cases/per year increased: T1 153,2187,8; T2 99,7114,9. The structure of new cases of DR in 2016: non-proliferative stage (T1 71,4%, T2 80,3%), pre-proliferative stage 16,4%, 13,8%, proliferative 12,1%, 5,8%, terminal 0,2%, 0,1%, respectively, these data indicated the earlier detection of DR. The mean age of DR diagnosis increased: T1 by 1,2 years, T2 by 2,6. The average DM duration of DR determine increased T1 9,613,1 years, T2 6,09,1. The prevalence of blindness tends to decrease: T1 92,390,8; T2 15,415,2/10.000 DM adults. The amount of new cases of blindness/per year increased: T1 4,34,6; T2 1,21,4. The mean age of blindness increased: T1 39,141,6 years, T2 64,467,4; the mean duration of diabetes before blindness occur (from the time of DM diagnosis) increased: T1 20,221,2 years, in T2 10,711,3. We observed growth of DR treatment (laser surgery, vitrectomy, anti-VEGF medication) but the frequency of use in T2 patients is about 2 times less than in T1. Conclusions: There was a decrease in the overall incidence of eye damage in diabetes (DR and blindness) in the analyzed period in RF. DR and blindness develops at advanced age and with a longer duration of diabetes. As the main directions of eye care development in diabetes it is necessary to standardize primary care in the regions, to unify the examination algorithms and methods of early diagnostic, to increase the continuity and interaction of endocrinologists and ophthalmologists in managing patients with diabetes in order to prevent the development of new cases of vision loss

Combined Сonversion of Ethanol and Vegetable Oils to Hydrocarbons

International audienc

Deuterated Arachidonic Acids Library for Regulation of Inflammation and Controlled Synthesis of Eicosanoids: An In Vitro Study

The synthesis of signal lipids, including eicosanoids, is not fully understood, although it is key to the modulation of various inflammatory states. Recently, isotopologues of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) deuterated at bis-allylic positions (D-PUFAs) have been proposed as inhibitors of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) in various disease models. Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) is the main precursor to several classes of eicosanoids, which are produced by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX). In this study we analyzed the relative activity of human recombinant enzymes COX-2, 5-LOX, and 15-LOX-2 using a library of arachidonic acids variably deuterated at the bis-allylic (C7, C10, and C13) positions. Kinetic parameters (KM, Vmax) and isotope effects calculated from kH/kD for seven deuterated arachidonic acid derivatives were obtained. Spectroscopic methods have shown that deuteration at the 13th position dramatically affects the kinetic parameters of COX-2 and 15-LOX-2. The activity of 5-LOX was evaluated by measuring hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (8-HETE and 5-HETE) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Deuteration at the seventh and 10th positions affects the performance of the 5-LOX enzyme. A flowchart is proposed suggesting how to modulate the synthesis of selected eicosanoids using the library of deuterated isotopologues to potentially fine-tune various inflammation stages

Risk Prediction of Early and Late Acquired Glomerular and Tubular Dysfunctions in Patients with Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

The purpose of this study was to create a new system for predicting the risk of glomerular and tubular dysfunctions (GTD) in patients with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (DCM) based on standard parameters and new molecular markers for the development of kidney damage in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2DM patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Material and Methods: The study included 69 patients: 16 patients with IGT (Group 1), 28 T2DM patients with MAU (Group 2), and 25 T2DM patients with MacAU (Group 3), according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria in the research. All patients were stratified by the MDRD. The control group (Group 4) included 11 healthy individuals. The duration of DN was 10.5 years. At the stage of data collection and screening, the standard methods of identification of IGT, DM and DN were applied. Additional methods are included quantitative analysis of the level of α-GST and π-GST, MMP-9 in urine by ELISA. Result: Analysis of the correlation interactions of the level of standard risk factors for the development of renal damage in patients with IGT and DN with the level of new molecular markers in urine and blood allows us to identify and introduce into clinical practice new screening tests reflecting the key molecular interactions that underlie the development of GTD in patients with DCM

Effect of Non-Covalent Interactions on the 2,4- and 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate Eu-Cd Complex Structures

Heterometallic {Eu2Cd2} complexes [Eu2(NO3)2Cd2(Phen)2(2,4-Nbz)8]n·2nMeCN (I) and [Eu2(MeCN)2Cd2(Phen)2(3,5-Nbz)10] (II) with the 2,4-dinitrobenzoate (2,4-Nbz) and 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (3,5-Nbz) anions and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized. The compounds obtained were characterized by X-ray single-crystal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Moreover, the thermal stability of the complexes was also studied. Analysis of the crystal packing showed that where 1,10-phenanthroline is combined with various isomers of dinitrobenzoate anions, different arrangements of non-covalent interactions are observed in the complex structures. In the case of the compound with the 2,4-dinitrobenzoate anion, these interactions lead to a significant distortion of the metal core geometry and formation of a polymeric structure, while the complex with the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate anion has a structure that is typical of similar systems. The absence of europium metal-centered luminescence at 270 nm wavelength was shown. For all the reported compounds, a thermal stability study was carried out that showed that the compounds decomposed with a significant thermal effect

The Direct Ethanol Conversion to Hydrocarbons over Pt- Containing Catalysts

International audienc

Effect of Non-Covalent Interactions on the 2,4- and 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate Eu-Cd Complex Structures

Heterometallic {Eu2Cd2} complexes [Eu2(NO3)2Cd2(Phen)2(2,4-Nbz)8]n·2nMeCN (I) and [Eu2(MeCN)2Cd2(Phen)2(3,5-Nbz)10] (II) with the 2,4-dinitrobenzoate (2,4-Nbz) and 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (3,5-Nbz) anions and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized. The compounds obtained were characterized by X-ray single-crystal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Moreover, the thermal stability of the complexes was also studied. Analysis of the crystal packing showed that where 1,10-phenanthroline is combined with various isomers of dinitrobenzoate anions, different arrangements of non-covalent interactions are observed in the complex structures. In the case of the compound with the 2,4-dinitrobenzoate anion, these interactions lead to a significant distortion of the metal core geometry and formation of a polymeric structure, while the complex with the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate anion has a structure that is typical of similar systems. The absence of europium metal-centered luminescence at 270 nm wavelength was shown. For all the reported compounds, a thermal stability study was carried out that showed that the compounds decomposed with a significant thermal effect

Risk of Cardiovascular Death in the Remote Period after Myocardial Revascularization and in Association with Renal Dysfunction

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of standard medical therapy in lowering the risk of cardiovascular death (rCVD) in the remote period after myocardial revascularization (MR), taking into account the presence of renal dysfunction (RD). Material and Methods: The study included 90 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and indications for revascularization. We evaluated a drug therapy obtained at different stages of revascularization, as well as the severity of patients’ condition and the prevalence of RD. Results: In the remote period after MR (5.8±0.05 years), 71/78.9% patients participated in the study; death occurred in 10/12.3% patients. The duration of therapy for chronic myocardial ischemia before MR (P=0.005), as well as compliance with prescribed therapy during 6 months (P=0.008) after this procedure, affected CVD in the remote period after MR. Using statins before MR reduced rCVD by 17.2% (P=0.01), beta-blockers -14.95% (P=0.04), and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) - 15.75% (P=0.03). The lack of regular use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for 6 months after RM was associated with an increase in rCVD up to 36.2% (P=0.005). Statins and ACEIs are drugs that reduce rCVD in the presence of RD (P<0.05). Conclusion: An efficient drug regimen for patients after MR is important in reducing a long-term prognosis of CVD and for an efficient correction of coronary artery patency