Skeletal Video Anomaly Detection using Deep Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Directions

The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.Comment: This work has been accepted by IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligenc

Prevalence of infraocclusion of primary molars determined using a new 2D image analysis methodology

The reported prevalence of infraocclusion varies widely, reflecting differences in definitions and measurement/scoring approaches.This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and extent of infraocclusion in singletons and twins during the late mixed dentition stage of dental development using a new diagnostic imaging method and objective criteria. The study also aimed to determine any associations between infraocclusion and sex, arch type, arch side and tooth type.Two samples were analysed; 1,454 panoramic radiographs of singletons and 270 dental models of twins. Both samples ranged in age from 8-11 years. Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to measure the extent of infraocclusion. Repeatability tests showed systematic and random errors were small.The prevalence in the maxilla was low (<1%), whereas the prevalence in the mandible was 22% in the singleton sample and 32% in the twin sample. The primary mandibular first molar was affected more often than the second molar. There was no significant difference in the expression between sexes or sides.A new technique for measuring infraocclusion has been developed with high intra- and inter-operator reproducibility. This method should enhance early diagnosis of tooth developmental abnormalities and treatment planning during late mixed dentition stage of development.Ruba Odeh, Suzanna Mihailidis, Grant Townsend, Raija Lähdesmäki, Toby Hughes, and Alan Broo

Cutaneous Pyoderma Gangrenosum of the Hand.

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Undersampling and Cumulative Class Re-decision Methods to Improve Detection of Agitation in People with Dementia

Agitation is one of the most prevalent symptoms in people with dementia (PwD) that can place themselves and the caregiver's safety at risk. Developing objective agitation detection approaches is important to support health and safety of PwD living in a residential setting. In a previous study, we collected multimodal wearable sensor data from 17 participants for 600 days and developed machine learning models for predicting agitation in one-minute windows. However, there are significant limitations in the dataset, such as imbalance problem and potential imprecise labels as the occurrence of agitation is much rarer in comparison to the normal behaviours. In this paper, we first implement different undersampling methods to eliminate the imbalance problem, and come to the conclusion that only 20\% of normal behaviour data are adequate to train a competitive agitation detection model. Then, we design a weighted undersampling method to evaluate the manual labeling mechanism given the ambiguous time interval (ATI) assumption. After that, the postprocessing method of cumulative class re-decision (CCR) is proposed based on the historical sequential information and continuity characteristic of agitation, improving the decision-making performance for the potential application of agitation detection system. The results show that a combination of undersampling and CCR improves F1-score and other metrics to varying degrees with less training time and data used, and inspires a way to find the potential range of optimal threshold reference for clinical purpose.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Search for High-Spin Stretched States in 206-Pb

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY-931478

High Spin States in the (p,t) Reaction

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY-931478

Exploring how persons with dementia and care partners collaboratively appropriate information and communication technologies

Persons with dementia and their care partners have been found to adapt their own technological arrangements using commercially-available information and communication technologies (ICTs). Yet, little is known about these processes of technology appropriation and how care practices are impacted. Adopting a relational perspective of care, we longitudinally examined how four family care networks appropriated a new commercial ICT service into their existing technological arrangements and care practices. Cross-case analysis interpreted collaborative appropriation to encompass two interrelated processes of creating and adapting technological practices and negotiating and augmenting care relationships. Four driving forces were also proposed: motivating meanings that actors ascribe to the technology and its use; the learnability of the technology and actors’ resourcefulness; the establishment of responsive and cooperative care practices; and the qualities of empathy and shared power in care relationships. The importance of technological literacy, learning, meaning-making, and the nature and quality of care relationships are discussed. Future work is urged to employ longitudinal and naturalistic approaches, and focus design efforts on promoting synergistic care relationships and care practices