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Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with vaccine hesitancy ā results from a longitudinal study in Singapore
Singapore has one of the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates, however identifying vaccine-hesitant sub-groups and their concerns is vital given the need for future boosters in vulnerable populations. Furthermore, vaccine hesitancy remains a concern in the event of an emergence of a newer strain that necessitates the rolling out of a new vaccination programme. The aims of this study were to establish the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and the factors influencing it among adults in Singapore using the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS). The study used a longitudinal methodology and participants were recruited in two waves from May 2020 to Sep 2022. In all 858 participants agreed to participate in both waves of the study. The two-factor structure of the VHS scale as established in earlier studies was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The results revealed a two-factor structure of VHS comprising ālack of confidenceā and ārisksā. Those who had higher stress, resilience, and concerns that they might be infected with COVID-19 at wave 1 were significantly associated with lower ālack of confidenceā scores i.e. lower vaccine hesitancy. In comparison, those with higher concerns about inadequate government preventive measures and unemployment at wave 1 were significantly associated with higher ālack of confidenceā scores. Those with higher concerns about inadequate government preventive measures in wave 1 were significantly associated with higher ārisksā scores i.e. higher vaccine hesitancy. The findings point toward the need for a nuanced messaging that considers the fears expressed by the populace and addresses them directly using clear simple language