23 research outputs found

    Percepción de problemas ambientales por las administraciones locales. Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid

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    Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y EvoluciónFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEpu

    Influencia de la cobertura arbórea sobre la composición del pasto en sistemas de dehesa. Finca Castillo de Viñuelas, Madrid

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    La dehesa es un sistema agrosilvopastoral ibérico que lleva siendo objeto de estudio ecológico desde hace varias décadas. Existen interrogantes en su origen y muchos de los procesos ecológicos que lo integran aún distan mucho de ser comprendidos. Se suele considerar que el incremento de la fertilidad edáfica y mejora microclimática originadas por la presencia del árbol producen un aumento en la producción de biomasa herbácea bajo la copa respecto al exterior. Sin embargo, cuando se analiza la bibliografía referente a la influencia sobre la riqueza de herbáceas, encontramos que ésta es media en el pasto abierto, máxima en el ecotono que constituye la zona limítrofe de la copa con el pasto, y baja conforme nos acercamos al tronco del árbol. Partiendo de ambas hipótesis referentes al efecto que un árbol tiene aisladamente sobre el pasto, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la influencia que la cobertura arbórea y arbustiva tiene sobre la riqueza de herbáceas a escala paisaje. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la estructura de la dehesa en función a su cobertura leñosa, obteniendo con ello un esquema del paisaje y su relación con los valores de riqueza asociados. Se demuestra que cuando los pastos se encuentran en campo abierto sin la influencia de matorrales u otra cobertura leñosa, se registra la mayor riqueza de especies herbáceas. Por el contrario, cuando los pastos se encuentran asociados a una capa de matorral continuo, la riqueza se ve especialmente disminuida. Al analizar de forma independiente la cobertura arbórea, comprobamos que a mayor cobertura, mayor riqueza de especies herbáceas, por lo que podemos afirmar que la cobertura de encinas favorece la riqueza a escala de paisaje. No se encuentra relación entre el tamaño de los árboles y la posible influencia asociada que pueda tener sobre la riqueza de herbáceas. Este trabajo ayuda a entender la relación ecológica que existe entre la cobertura leñosa y la vegetación pascícola en un ecosistema único como son las dehesas, lo cual alberga gran interés en relación a su conservación e interés económico

    The invasiveness of Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae): Responses in morphological and reproductive traits for exotic populations

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    Scientists have been interested in many topics driven by biological invasions, such as shifts in the area of distribution of plant species and rapid evolution. Invasiveness of exotic plant species depends on variations on morphological and reproductive traits potentially associated with reproductive fitness and dispersal ability, which are expected to undergo changes during the invasion process. Numerous Asteraceae are invasive and display dimorphic fruits, resulting in a bet-hedging dispersal strategy ±wind-dispersed fruits versus animal-dispersed fruits±. We explored phenotypic differentiation in seed morphology and reproductive traits of exotic (Chilean) and native (Spanish) populations of Hypochaeris glabra. We collected flower heads from five Spanish and five Chilean populations along rainfall gradients in both countries. We planted seeds from the ten populations in a common garden trial within the exotic range to explore their performance depending on the country of origin (native or exotic) and the environmental conditions at population origin (precipitation and nutrient availability). We scored plant biomass, reproductive traits and fruit dimorphism patterns. We observed a combination of bet-hedging strategy together with phenotypic differentiation.Native populations relied more on bet-hedging while exotic populations always displayed greater proportion of wind-dispersed fruits than native ones. This pattern may reflect a strategy that might entail a more efficient long distance dispersal of H. glabra seeds in the exotic range, which in turn can enhance the invasiveness of this species

    Ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity combine to enhance the invasiveness of the most widespread daisy in Chile, Leontodon saxatilis

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    Dispersal and reproductive traits of successful plant invaders are expected to undergo strong selection during biological invasions. Numerous Asteraceae are invasive and display dimorphic fruits within a single flower head, resulting in differential dispersal pathways - wind-dispersed fruits vs. nondispersing fruits. We explored ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of seed output and fruit dimorphisms in exotic Chilean and native Spanish populations of Leontodon saxatilis subsp. rothii. We collected flower heads from populations in Spain and Chile along a rainfall gradient. Seeds from all populations were planted in reciprocal transplant trials in Spain and Chile to explore their performance in the native and invasive range. We scored plant biomass, reproductive investment and fruit dimorphism. We observed strong plasticity, where plants grown in the invasive range had much greater biomass, flower head size and seed output, with a higher proportion of wind-dispersed fruits, than those grown in the native range. We also observed a significant ecotype effect, where the exotic populations displayed higher proportions of wind-dispersed fruits than native populations. Together, these patterns reflect a combination of phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation, indicating that Leontodon saxatilis has probably increased propagule pressure and dispersal distances in its invasive range to enhance its invasiveness

    Flora of the mediterranean basin in the chilean espinales: evidence of colonisation

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    In Chile’s Mediterranean region, over 18% of plant species are alien. This is particularly noteworthy in some agrosilvopastoral systems such as the espinales, which are functionally very similar to the Spanish dehesas and are of great ecological and socioeconomic interest. In the present paper we analyse Chile’s non-native flora, considering three scales of analysis: national, regional (the central region, presenting a Mediterranean climate) and at community level (the espinales within the central region). We compare this flora with that recorded in areas of the Iberian Peninsula with similar lithological and geomorphological characteristics, and land use. We discuss possible mechanisms that might have been operating in the floristic colonisation from the Mediterranean Basin to Chile’s Mediterranean region

    Una nueva hipótesis sobre la sucesión de los bosques tropicales húmedos y secos

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    In this paper 221 forest trees are grouped according to their habitat preferences into species preferring humid or dry and/or saline habitats or indifferent to the habitat type. Eleven functional traits classes (seeds per tree, seed size, seed weight, seeds per fruit, tolerance to shade, selectivity to habitat, sclerophylly, wood density, foliar area, tree height and tree volume) are arranged 1 to 4 according to a successional gradient. The strategies of forest trees are identified by analyzing the species matrices for humid forest ecosystems (joining species preferring humid habitats together with those indifferent to the habitat type) and for dry and/or saline ecosystems (joining species preferring dry and/or saline habitats and the ones indifferent to the habitat type). Both matrices are processed using the average taxonomic distance as the interval coefficient and by clustering analysis to discover successional organization patterns. The complexity of r-K continuum is discussed by focusing the K behavior of some variables among Pioneers (commonly r strategists) or the r behavior of some variables among Stabilizers (commonly K strategists). A new system of classification is presented as a hypothesis for discovering successional patterns in tropical forests.En el presente artículo agrupamos 221 especies forestales sobre la base de sus preferencias por tipos de hábitat húmedo o seco y/o salino, considerando aparte aquellas que son indiferentes al tipo de hábitat. El sistema de clasificación se sustentó en el empleo de clases de 11 variables funcionales (semillas por árbol, tamaño de las semillas, peso de las semillas, semillas por fruto, tolerancia a la sombra, selectividad al hábitat, esclerofilia, densidad de la madera, área foliar, altura del árbol y volumen del árbol) ordenadas de 1 a 4 de acuerdo con un gradiente sucesional. Las estrategias de las especies arbóreas se identificaron mediante el análisis de las matrices para ecosistemas forestales húmedos (uniendo las especies que prefieren hábitat húmedo con las que son indiferentes al tipo de hábitat) y para ecosistemas secos y/o salinos (uniendo las especies que prefieren hábitat seco y/o salino con las que son indiferentes al tipo de hábitat). Ambas matrices fueron procesadas mediante el uso del coeficiente de distancia taxonómica promedio y por análisis de clasificación para descubrir los patrones de organización sucesional. Se discutieron la complejidad del continuum r-K exponiendo el comportamiento K de algunas variables entre las Pioneras (que comúnmente son estrategas r) y el comportamiento r de algunas variables entre las Estabilizadoras (que comúnmente son estrategas K). Presentamos el nuevo sistema de clasificación como una hipótesis para descubrir los patrones sucesionales en bosques tropicales.Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y EvoluciónFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEInternational Foundation for Science (IFS) (Sweden)MacArthur Foundation and D. W. Reynolds Foundation (USA)David Rockefeller Center for Latin-American Studies (Cambridge, USA)The Ecological Society of America (ESA)( Washington, USA)pu

    Review of base stations array antennas developed by UPM

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    Several array architectures developed at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) for mobile phone and LMDS base station antennas are presented. An eight-element array and multi-beam antennas with enhanced bandwidth have been demonstrated for GSM-UMTS. A practical implementation of a smart antenna with interference cancellation has been built for a 3er generation mobile communication system based on W-CDMA. Low-cost omnidirectional and sectored antennas has been developed for LMDS base station at 3 GHz. A folded three-layer printed reflectarray with shaped pattern has been demonstrated for sector LMDS base stations at 26 GHz
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