National and subnational HIV/AIDS coordination: are global health initiatives closing the gap between intent and practice?

BACKGROUND: A coordinated response to HIV/AIDS remains one of the 'grand challenges' facing policymakers today. Global health initiatives (GHIs) have the potential both to facilitate and exacerbate coordination at the national and subnational level. Evidence of the effects of GHIs on coordination is beginning to emerge but has hitherto been limited to single-country studies and broad-brush reviews. To date, no study has provided a focused synthesis of the effects of GHIs on national and subnational health systems across multiple countries. To address this deficit, we review primary data from seven country studies on the effects of three GHIs on coordination of HIV/AIDS programmes: the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and the World Bank's HIV/AIDS programmes including the Multi-country AIDS Programme (MAP). METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted at national and subnational levels (179 and 218 respectively) in seven countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, between 2006 and 2008. Studies explored the development and functioning of national and subnational HIV coordination structures, and the extent to which coordination efforts around HIV/AIDS are aligned with and strengthen country health systems. RESULTS: Positive effects of GHIs included the creation of opportunities for multisectoral participation, greater political commitment and increased transparency among most partners. However, the quality of participation was often limited, and some GHIs bypassed coordination mechanisms, especially at the subnational level, weakening their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The paper identifies residual national and subnational obstacles to effective coordination and optimal use of funds by focal GHIs, which these GHIs, other donors and country partners need to collectively address

Les évolutions de la danwei dans la Chine des réformes (une analyse des changements de la société urbaine (1978-2004))

A partir d'une reformulation du concept de l'unité de travail (en chinois danwei), cette thèse analyse les évolutions de la société urbaine chinoise entre 1978 et 2004. La danwei est posée comme constituée par des pratiques du Parti-Etat qui déploie son action en s'appuyant sur les lieux de travail plutôt que sur son appareil administratif. Les réformes économiques ont conduit non pas à un affaiblissement de cette danwei, mais au contraire à son renforcement. Ce n'est qu'à la fin des années 1990 que des tensions économiques et sociales ont conduit les autorités à démanteler les unités de travail, et à expérimenter de nouvelles formes d'intervention sociale. Ces dernières sont marquées par l'héritage de la danwei, le Parti-Etat tentant de s'appuyer sur de nouvelles communautés locales stables, les shequ, pour maintenir sa capacité à contrôler, réguler et organiser la société urbaine. La thèse propose une étude de la société chinoise à travers ces reconfigurations de la danwei.Based on a new approach of the concept of the work unit (in Chinese danwei), this thesis analyses the evolutions of Chinese urban society between 1978 and 2004. The danwei can better be understood as the result of the prescription of various practices and actions of the Party-State on a single place - the work place. Economic reforms have not weakened but instead reinforced the danwei. It is only in the second half of the 1990s that economic and social pressures have forced the authorities to dismantle the work unit, and to experiment new forms of social engineering. The heritage of the danwei is highlighted, as the Party-State tries to lean on new stable local communities, the shequ, to maintain its capacity to control, regulate and organiza urban society. This thesis studies Chinese urban society through these various reconfigurations of the danwei.PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocPARIS-CECMC (751162309) / SudocPARIS-Fondation MSH (751062301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Herbes, drogues et épices en Méditerranée

Des jardins d’Adonis aux tiroirs des apothicaires et aux boutiques des commerçants, les herbes, drogues et épices ont toujours nourri les rêves et entretenu les comptes. Elles furent l’objet d’une curiosité particulière puis d’un engouement et d’un commerce aussi actif que lucratif ; la cause aussi de grandes rivalités entre marchands. Ainsi les retrouvons-nous dans les livres de commerçants juifs, dans les souks du Caire, dans les entrepôts de Smyrne, dans les cales des clippers américains ou dans les containers du port de Marseille. Mythes et réalités se côtoient dans cet ouvrage comme ils furent toujours liés dans le quotidien à travers les siècles et les continents. Par les aspects économiques mais aussi botaniques, sociaux et culturels de leur histoire, se précise le rôle important qu’ont tenu et que tiennent encore les Herbes, Drogues et Epices dans les sociétés méditerranéennes. L’Institut de Recherches Méditerranéennes d’Aix-en- Provence et la Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Marseille ont entrepris depuis une décennie l’étude des grands produits de consommation tels le café, l’huile d’olive, le sucre, les céréales, qui, malgré leur usage quotidien, restent finalement peu ou mal connus du public

Prediction of the fate of pesticides in the environment from their molecular properties

Manuela Cigolini, M. ,Luzzani, G., Sacchettini, G. (eds)Prediction of the fate of pesticides in the environment from their molecular properties. XV Symposium in Pesticide Chemistry “Environmental risk assessment and managemen

Prédiction du comportement des pesticides dans l’environnement à partir de leurs propriétés moléculaires

oral communication abstractPrédiction du comportement des pesticides dans l’environnement à partir de leurs propriétés moléculaires. 45e Congrès du Groupe Français des Pesticides "Devenir et impact des pesticides : verrous à lever et nouveaux enjeu

Prediction of the Fate of Organic Compounds in the Environment From Their Molecular Properties: A Review

International audienceA comprehensive review of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) allowing the prediction of the fate of organic compounds in the environment from their molecular properties was done. The considered processes were water dissolution, dissociation, volatilization, retention on soils and sediments (mainly adsorption and desorption), degradation (biotic and abiotic), and absorption by plants. A total of 790 equations involving 686 structural molecular descriptors are reported to estimate 90 environmental parameters related to these processes. A significant number of equations was found for dissociation process (pKa), water dissolution or hydrophobic behavior (especially through the KOW parameter), adsorption to soils and biodegradation. A lack of QSAR was observed to estimate desorption or potential of transfer to water. Among the 686 molecular descriptors, 5 were found to be dominant in the 790 collected equations and the most generic ones: four quantum-chemical descriptors, the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), polarizability (α) and dipole moment (μ), and one constitutional descriptor, the molecular weight (MW). Keeping in mind that the combination of descriptors belonging to different categories (constitutional, topological, quantum-chemical…) led to improve QSAR performances, these descriptors should be considered for the development of new QSAR, for further predictions of environmental parameters. This review also allows finding of the relevant QSAR equations to predict the fate of a wide diversity of compounds in the environment

Characterization of a chloroplast homologue of the "Ribosome Recycling Factor" (RRF) from Escherichia coli

International audienc

Mechanisms Governing the Endosomal Membrane Recruitment of the Core Retromer in Arabidopsis

International audienceThe retromer complex localizes to endosomal membranes and is involved in protein trafficking. In mammals, it is composed of a dimer of sorting nexins and of the core retromer consisting of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS)26, VPS29, and VPS35. Although homologs of these proteins have been identified in plants, how the plant retromer functions remains elusive. To better understand the role of VPS components in the assembly and function of the core retromer, we characterize here Arabidopsis vps26-null mutants. We show that impaired VPS26 function has a dramatic effect on VPS35 levels and causes severe phenotypic defects similar to those observed in vps29-null mutants. This implies that functions of plant VPS26, VPS29, and VPS35 are tightly linked. Then, by combining live-cell imaging with immunochemical and genetic approaches, we report that VPS35 alone is able to bind to endosomal membranes and plays an essential role in VPS26 and VPS29 membrane recruitment. We also show that the Arabidopsis Rab7 homolog RABG3f participates in the recruitment of the core retromer to the endosomal membrane by interacting with VPS35. Altogether our data provide original information on the molecular interactions that mediate assembly of the core retromer in plants

Herbes, drogues et épices en Méditerranée

Des jardins d’Adonis aux tiroirs des apothicaires et aux boutiques des commerçants, les herbes, drogues et épices ont toujours nourri les rêves et entretenu les comptes. Elles furent l’objet d’une curiosité particulière puis d’un engouement et d’un commerce aussi actif que lucratif ; la cause aussi de grandes rivalités entre marchands. Ainsi les retrouvons-nous dans les livres de commerçants juifs, dans les souks du Caire, dans les entrepôts de Smyrne, dans les cales des clippers américains ..

Toward Regulatory Monitoring with Passive sampling: French experience

International audienceFor over 20 years, the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) has strengthened the monitoring of water bodies, including surface waters. Ambitious monitoring programmes have been set up to monitor 45 priority substances or families of substances. Among the difficulties regularly identified in these programmes are those of ensuring that sampling is representative for substances showing significant temporal variability, such as pesticides, or of achieving, using conventional laboratory techniques, the quantification limits required for a reliable comparison with the Environmental Qualiy Standards (EQS). The current revision of this directive could further increase the latter difficulty by adding new priority substances for which the EQS are particularly low (e.g. pyrethrinoid compounds).Passive sampling tools are likely to provide solutions to these difficulties. The Directive 2013/39/EU recommends further development of passive sampling techniques as a promising tool for future application in compliance checking and trend monitoring of priority substances.In France, a very recent regulatory text ("monitoring" decree of 26/4/22) officially authorised the use of passive sampling as part of monitoring programs for surface water bodies. In the framework of the French Prospective Monitoring Network (‘RSP’), this authorization follows a major demonstration campaign coordinated by Aquaref (French national reference laboratory for aquatic environment monitoring), which demonstrated the usefulness of these tools for large-scale application in a regulatory context. It follows also the results of MONITOOL project – New tools for water quality monitoring - European Atlantic Area project (2017-2023), regarding EQS marine water adaptation to DGT (Diffusive Gradient in thin Films) for priority substances (Pb, Cd, Ni).As part of its support for the Ministry, Aquaref produced a note in 2024 defining a first set of substances for which the use of passive samplers (DGT, POCIS , silicone rubber) was possible in the context of monitoring (fresh and marine water) .In order to ensure the successful use of passive samplers in this context (in particular the comparability of data at a national scale), and in cooperation with the Ministry of the Environment and the French Biodiversity Agency, Aquaref has developed various guidance documents or “tools” to help river basin authorities in charge of the implementation of the WFD monitoring programmes and laboratories operating this monitoring.The aim of this presentation is to present the various actions that have been necessary in order to achieve the implementation of passive sampling tools in a regulatory context, from scientific developments to policy support. In particular, we will describe the national technical guides relating to sampling and analysis for passive sampling, the organisation and responsibility defined for passive sampling operation separating laboratory operations from field and calculation operations when necessary, the rules for data banking and, finally, the requirements in terms of quality assurance and analytical performance. We finally highlight some of the questions that are still pending