Time Pressure on Husbands and Wives Reflected in the Timing of Activities

Japanese husbands sleep longer than their wives. This is a solitary exception among the countries in which time use data are available. In the countries other than Japan, husbands sleep shorter than at least their nonworking wives. In many countries, they also sleep shorter than their employed wives. This research examines the factors of the longer hours of sleep of Japanese husbands by timing of sleep. Hours of sleep are determined by the bedtime and the hour of rising. This research focuses on the hour of rising. Analyses in this paper are based on data of 2001 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities conducted by Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan. The average hour of rising of wives was earlier than that of their husbands. Among wives, the average hour of rising of employed wives was earlier than that of nonworking wives. Actually, wives in 55% households got up earlier than their husbands and wives in 25% households got up later than their husbands. During two hours after getting up, wives spent one hour on housework and husbands spent two minutes on housework. Time pressure on employed wives was stronger than on their husbands

Time Use of the Participants in Voluntary Activities

This paper examines time use of the participants in voluntary activities. I conducted a time budget survey to the participants in voluntary activities during November 2000 through January 2001 and got 84 participants' data. Female participants spend more time on voluntary activities than male participants. Employed males devoted less time to voluntary activities. Single participants spend more time on voluntary activities than married participants. Males participate in voluntary activities on weekday night and daytime of weekend. Females participate in voluntary activities on daytime of both weekday and weekend. The effect of gender on the housework is also found in the participants in voluntary activities. Married females have long housework time and take the higher share in housework. However, the male participants in voluntary activities are engaged in housework more and disagree with the traditional view of gender role more than non participant males

The Change of Gender Differences Reflected in Hours of Sleep for 40 Years

The multinational comparative time use survey conducted in 1965-1966 led the subsequent time use research. Though Japan did not participate in this multinational comparative time use research, Japanese time use research group conducted time use survey following the survey method of the multinational comparative time use research in 1972. The survey was conducted in Matsuyama City. Data of the multinational comparative time use survey and 1972 Japanese data revealed that employed husbands slept shorter than wives not employed in all countries but Japan. Japanese time use research group conducted the follow-up surveys in 1991 and 2013 in the same city using the same method. This study aims at clarifying the transition of gender differences reflected in hours of sleep over 40 years. Though hours of sleep have decreased for 40 years, the trend that employed husbands sleep longer than wives has not changed in general. On weekdays in 2013, however, wives not employed slept longer than employed husbands. Three surveys showed that employed husbands get up latest. The difference of hours of rising between husbands and wives, however, has decreased for 40 years

The Change of Time Devoted to Child Care by Fathers for 40 Years

The multinational comparative time use survey conducted in 1965-1966 led the subsequent time use research. Though Japan did not participate in this multinational comparative time use research, Japanese time use research group conducted time use survey following the survey method of the multinational comparative time use research in 1972. The survey was conducted in Matsuyama City. Japanese time use research group conducted the follow-up surveys in 1991 and 2013 in the same city using the same method. Various data of the multinational comparative time use research revealed that Japanese fathers spent less time on housework and child care than fathers in other countries. This study aims at clarifying the transition of time devoted to child care by fathers over 40 years. Though time spent on child care by fathers on weekdays has not changed for 40 years, time spent on child care on Sundays has increased for 40 years. Time devoted to child care by fathers, however, is still less than fathers in other countries. Though time spent on child care by fathers on Sundays has increased for 40 years, time spent on child care by mothers on Sundays has not decreased for 40 years.本研究は以下の科学研究費補助金の助成を受けて実施したものである。研究代表者：平田道憲, 研究種目：基盤研究(A), 研究課題番号：JP24240094, 研究課題名：生活時間配分からみた４０年間のライフスタイル変化と国際比

エミシズマブは凝固第VIII因子と同様にフィブリン構造およびその安定性を向上させる

Introduction: Emicizumab is an antifactor (F)IXa/FX bispecific antibody, mimicking FVIIIa cofactor function. Emi prophylaxis effectively reduces bleeding events in patients with haemophilia A. The physical properties of emicizumab-induced fibrin clots remain to be investigated, however. Aim: We have investigated the stability and structure of emicizumab-induced fibrin clots. Methods: Coagulation was initiated by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) trigger and prothrombin time (PT)/aPTT-mixed trigger in FVIII-deficient plasma with various concentrations of emicizumab or recombinant FVIII. The turbidity and stability of fibrin clots were assessed by clot waveform and clot-fibrinolysis waveform analyses, respectively. The resulting fibrin was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Using an aPTT trigger, the turbidity was decreased and the fibrinolysis times were prolonged in the presence of emicizumab dose-dependently. Scanning electron microscopy imaging demonstrated that emicizumab improved the structure of fibrin network with thinner fibres than in its absence. Although emicizumab shortened the aPTT dramatically, the nature of emicizumab-induced fibrin clots did not reflect the hypercoagulable state. Similarly, using a PT/aPTT-mixed trigger that could evaluate potential emicizumab activity, emicizumab improved the stability and structure of fibrin clot in a series of experiments. In this circumstance, fibrin clot properties with emicizumab at 50 and 100 µg/mL appeared to be comparable to those with FVIII at ~12 and ~24-32 IU/dL, respectively. Conclusion: Emicizumab effectively improved fibrin clot stability and structure in FVIII-deficient plasma, and the physical properties of emicizumab-induced fibrin clots were similar to those with FVIII.博士（医学）・甲第787号・令和3年3月15日© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hae.13961, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.13961. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions

Examination of Home Economics Teacher Training Curriculum in Human Life Sciences Education of Hiroshima University: Concepts and results of introduction to clothing, dietary, and living life

In order to reconceptualize the curriculum for home economics teacher training in the Department of Human Life Sciences Education of the Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University, we created and presented a new set of major subjects in the revised curriculum from 2019. As part of this study, we presented the concepts of “Introduction to Clothing Life”, “Introduction to Dietary Life”, and “Introduction to Living Life,” with background sciences and academic disciplines relevant to the three introductions, to the first semester students in 2020. In addition, we analyzed the changes in the views of students concerning life and the three subjects before and after taking each introduction through questionnaires. On the base of these results and the issues highlighted by the faculty members, we improved each introduction. After taking the introductions, the students came to possess the knowledge and skills required to solve their daily life and social problems related to clothing, diet, and living. This is because we have included in the subjects “performance task” to encourage independent learning, and group activities and practical tasks to broaden and deepen students’ awareness and understanding of the issues in their life and society. In addition, the conceptual diagrams with the structure of background sciences, showing the relationship between home economics and other sciences, would help students understand the framework of academic discipline constructing home economics and have a subjective view of home economics.本研究は，JSPS科研費JP19K02814（代表者 鈴木明子）の助成を受けたものである

A Serine Palmitoyltransferase Inhibitor Blocks Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Human Hepatocytes

Background & AimsHost cell lipid rafts form a scaffold required for replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Serine palmitoyltransferases (SPTs) produce sphingolipids, which are essential components of the lipid rafts that associate with HCV nonstructural proteins. Prevention of the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids by an SPT inhibitor disrupts the HCV replication complex and thereby inhibits HCV replication. We investigated the ability of the SPT inhibitor NA808 to prevent HCV replication in cells and mice.MethodsWe tested the ability of NA808 to inhibit SPT’s enzymatic activity in FLR3-1 replicon cells. We used a replicon system to select for HCV variants that became resistant to NA808 at concentrations 4- to 6-fold the 50% inhibitory concentration, after 14 rounds of cell passage. We assessed the ability of NA808 or telaprevir to inhibit replication of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a in mice with humanized livers (transplanted with human hepatocytes). NA808 was injected intravenously, with or without pegylated interferon alfa-2a and HCV polymerase and/or protease inhibitors.ResultsNA808 prevented HCV replication via noncompetitive inhibition of SPT; no resistance mutations developed. NA808 prevented replication of all HCV genotypes tested in mice with humanized livers. Intravenous NA808 significantly reduced viral load in the mice and had synergistic effects with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and HCV polymerase and protease inhibitors.ConclusionsThe SPT inhibitor NA808 prevents replication of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a in cultured hepatocytes and in mice with humanized livers. It might be developed for treatment of HCV infection or used in combination with pegylated interferon alfa-2a or HCV polymerase or protease inhibitors

A Comparative Study of Time Spent on Housework by Husbands and Wives of Japan and Korea

This paper makes a comparison of time spent on housework by husbands and wives between Japan and Korea. Analyses in this paper are based on data of 2011 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities conducted by Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan and 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Housework includes cooking, cleaning, laundry, caring for adults, household chore, child care and shopping. Both Japan and Korea have features in common in time use. In both countries, husbands spend little time on housework and wives have heavy burdens of housework. Husbands in dual-income family do not necessarily spend more time on housework than those of not employed wives. Not employed wives devote more time to housework than employed wives not only on weekdays but on Sundays. In sum, from the viewpoint of time use, both Japan and Korea are far from the gender equality