Conversion of Dilute Pump Blood to Whole Blood by Single Pass Ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration (UF) effectively reverses hemodilution. However, when used to concentrate pump blood post-bypass, the recirculation method does not make concentrated blood available until all the blood has been processed. To make concentrated whole blood immediately available, we have investigated the use of a single pass ultrafiltration (SPUF) technique in 7 patients. By reducing the blood flow, the concentration of the blood components at the outlet of the ultrafilter (UF) was sufficient to allow direct transfusion. After bypass, the blood in the oxygenator (1664 ± 112 ml) was pumped (153 ± 12 mllmin) through an UF device and into a transfusion bag. Suction (- 480 torr) applied to the device extracted plasma water (82 ± 3 ml/min). SPUF concentrated the diluted pump blood as follows (mean ± standard error of the means): WBC from 8.5 ± 1.2 to 16.3 ± 2.5 × 103/ul, hemoglobin (6.5 ± 0.2 to 13.2 ± 0.5 gr/dl), platelets (135 ± 14 to 224 ± 32 × 103/ul), albumin (2.9 ± 0.2 to 7.6 ± 0.6 gr/dl) and fibrinogen (114 ± 9 to 274 ± 26 mg/dl). For heparin neutralized plasma, there was a decrease towards normal in prothrombin time (17.9 ± 0.6 to 14.1 ± 0.3 sec) and activated partial thromboplastin time (46 ± 2 to 32 ± 2 sec). There was no net increase in plasma free homoglobin. Red cell indices tended to normalize. Following transfusion of the concentrated blood there were increases in albumin (3.4 ± 0.2 to 3.9 ± 0.2 gr/dl) and hemoglobin (8.5 ± 0.6 to 9.5 ± 0.6 gr/dl). There were no statistically significant changes in white blood cells, platelets, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. Conclusion: SPUF is an efficient, useful, safe, simple and rapid method for obtaining whole blood for immediate transfusion

Concentration of Blood in the Extracorporeal Circuit Using Ultrafiltration

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) the concentration of blood components is controlled by fluid administration and diuresis. However, diuresis is not always adequate and at the end of CPB the diluted pump blood, unless processed by expensive and cumbersome RBC saving techniques, is usually discarded. To control “diuresis” during CPB and to concentrate all blood components of the diluted pump blood post CPB, we evaluated ultrafiltration as a technique to extract plasma water from the extracorporeal circuit in 17 patients. At the end of each case, the blood left in the CPB circuit was circulated through a hollow fiber dialyzer (TriEx-3, Extracorporeal). At a transmembrane pressure of 430 torr, plasma water was extracted at 29 cc/min. Extracting plasma water decreased the initial pump volume by 50% causing the initial concentration of blood components to increase as follows: hemoglobin 80%, platelets 53%, fibrinogen 79%, total protein 75%, and plasma hemoglobin 294%. Following concentration, the high activated partial thromboplastin, prothrombin and thrombin times obtained for the pump blood decreased towards normal. There were no clinically significant changes in the plasma concentration of electrolytes. The concentrated blood was transfused to the patient within 2 hours of collection without any adverse effects. As compared to the increase in hemoglobin, the smaller increase in platelets and larger increase in plasma hemoglobin indicates that the dialyser caused some platelet loss and red blood cell damage. However, the concentrated blood did provide whole blood for the patient without the risks associated with donor blood

New Roller Pump Disposable Provides Safety and Simplifies Occlusion Setting

A new disposable insert for the arterial roller pump, the Better-Header™, provides safety and functionality beyond what standard tubing provides. It automatically limits pump outlet pressure to a level determined by the user and provides a self-contained, simple means to set pump occlusion. The Better-Header™ consists of a Starling-like pressure relief valve connected across standard header tubing. As long as arterial line pressure at the pump outlet remains below a set limit, the valve is closed. If line pressure approaches the pressure limit, the valve opens, preventing overpressurization by shunting blood from pump outlet to inlet. The BetterHeader ™ can also be used to set occlusion by the “dynamic method” to obtain nonocclusive settings. The Better-Header™ was evaluated in the lab for its pressure-flow characteristics. Even when the arterial line was completely clamped at a pump flow of 7 Llmin, line pressure was limited to a safe level and all circuit connections were preserved. The Better-Header™ has been used successfully at North Shore University Hospital in over 500 clinical cases covering a wide range of patients and procedures. In several instances, the user was alerted to high pressure situations by fluid flow through the valve and by an audible alarm, allowing rapid correction of the source of pressure. Compared to the standard setup, the Better-Header™ maintains outlet pressure within safe, user-settable limits, and permits consistent, nonocclusive settings with predictable retrograde flow

Errors in Flow and Pressure Related to the Arterial Filter Purge Line

The purge line is a necessary component on arterial filters, although its presence may affect the amount of flow reaching the patient as well as the pump outlet pressure in the extracorporeal circuit. In-vitro and clinical studies conducted to investigate these effects with a commonly used purge line showed that at flows less than 1.5 L/min, rates for pediatric or infant patients, the purge line diverts as much as 40% of the intended pump flow away from the patient. A small diameter resistance tube connected in series with the purge line reduced purge flow such that over 80% of the pump flow reached the patient. Pressure monitored at the arterial filter port with the purge line open could be as much as 45 mmHg lower than the pressure measured with the purge line closed to the filter. Studies should be done to determine if the arterial filter purge line compromises flow to the patient, and if an additional resistance to the purge line is appropriate to reduce the flow through it