Surface spin-flop phases and bulk discommensurations in antiferromagnets

Phase diagrams as a function of anisotropy D and magnetic field H are obtained for discommensurations and surface states for a model antiferromagnet in which $H$ is parallel to the easy axis. The surface spin-flop phase exists for all $D$. We show that there is a region where the penetration length of the surface spin-flop phase diverges. Introducing a discommensuration of even length then becomes preferable to reconstructing the surface. The results are used to clarify and correct previous studies in which discommensurations have been confused with genuine surface spin-flop states.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 Postscript figure

Surface spin-flop and discommensuration transitions in antiferromagnets

Phase diagrams as a function of anisotropy $D$ and magnetic field $H$ are obtained for discommensurations and surface states for an antiferromagnet in which $H$ is parallel to the easy axis, by modeling it using the ground states of a one-dimensional chain of classical XY spins. A surface spin-flop phase exists for all $D$, but the interval in $H$ over which it is stable becomes extremely small as $D$ goes to zero. First-order transitions, separating different surface states and ending in critical points, exist inside the surface spin-flop region. They accumulate at a field $H'$ (depending on $D$) significantly less than the value $H_{SF}$ for a bulk spin-flop transition. For $H' < H < H_{SF}$ there is no surface spin-flop phase in the strict sense; instead, the surface restructures by, in effect, producing a discommensuration infinitely far away in the bulk. The results are used to explain in detail the phase transitions occurring in systems consisting of a finite, even number of layers.Comment: Revtex 17 pages, 15 figure

Continuum model for polymers with finite thickness

We consider the continuum limit of a recently-introduced model for discretized thick polymers, or tubes. We address both analytically and numerically how the polymer thickness influences the decay of tangent-tangent correlations and find how the persistence length scales with the thickness and the torsional rigidity of the tube centerline. At variance with the worm-like chain model, the phase diagram that we obtain for a continuous tube is richer; in particular, for a given polymer thickness there exists a threshold value for the centerline torsional rigidity separating a simple exponential decay of the tangent-tangent correlation from an oscillatory one.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in J. Phys.

Surface spin-flop transition in a uniaxial antiferromagnetic Fe/Cr superlattice induced by a magnetic field of arbitrary direction

We studied the transition between the antiferromagnetic and the surface spin-flop phases of a uniaxial antiferromagnetic [Fe(14 \AA)/Cr(11 \AA]$_{\rm x20}$ superlattice. For external fields applied parallel to the in-plane easy axis, the layer-by-layer configuration, calculated in the framework of a mean-field one-dimensional model, was benchmarked against published polarized neutron reflectivity data. For an in-plane field $H$ applied at an angle $\psi \ne 0$ with the easy axis, magnetometry shows that the magnetization $M$ vanishes at H=0, then increases slowly with increasing $H$. At a critical value of $H$, a finite jump in $M(H)$ is observed for $\psi<5^{\rm o}$, while a smooth increase of $M$ $vs$ $H$ is found for $\psi>5^{\rm o}$. A dramatic increase in the full width at half maximum of the magnetic susceptibility is observed for $\psi \ge 5^{\rm o}$. The phase diagram obtained from micromagnetic calculations displays a first-order transition to a surface spin-flop phase for low $\psi$ values, while the transition becomes continuous for $\psi$ greater than a critical angle, $\psi_{\rm max} \approx 4.75^{\rm o}$. This is in fair agreement with the experimentally observed results.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure

Lifting of Multiphase Degeneracy by Quantum Fluctuations

We study the effect of quantum fluctuations on the multiphase point of the Heisenberg model with first- and second-neighbor competing interactions and strong uniaxial spin anisotropy $D$. By studying the structure of perturbation theory we show that the multiphase degeneracy which exists for $S=\infty$ (i.e., for the ANNNI model) is lifted and that the effect of quantum fluctuations is to stabilize a sequence of phases of wavelength 4,6,8,...~. This sequence is probably an infinite one. We also show that quantum fluctuations can mediate an infinite sequence of layering transitions through which an interface can unbind from a wall.Comment: 55 pages ReVTeX (encoded with uufiles) + 17 uuencoded figure

Influence of conformational fluctuations on enzymatic activity: modelling the functional motion of beta-secretase

Considerable insight into the functional activity of proteins and enzymes can be obtained by studying the low-energy conformational distortions that the biopolymer can sustain. We carry out the characterization of these large scale structural changes for a protein of considerable pharmaceutical interest, the human $\beta$-secretase. Starting from the crystallographic structure of the protein, we use the recently introduced beta-Gaussian model to identify, with negligible computational expenditure, the most significant distortion occurring in thermal equilibrium and the associated time scales. The application of this strategy allows to gain considerable insight into the putative functional movements and, furthermore, helps to identify a handful of key regions in the protein which have an important mechanical influence on the enzymatic activity despite being spatially distant from the active site. The results obtained within the Gaussian model are validated through an extensive comparison against an all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulation.Comment: To be published in a special issue of J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. (Bedlewo Workshop

Complete wetting in the three-dimensional transverse Ising model

We consider a three-dimensional Ising model in a transverse magnetic field, $h$ and a bulk field $H$. An interface is introduced by an appropriate choice of boundary conditions. At the point $(H=0,h=0)$ spin configurations corresponding to different positions of the interface are degenerate. By studying the phase diagram near this multiphase point using quantum-mechanical perturbation theory we show that that quantum fluctuations, controlled by $h$, split the multiphase degeneracy giving rise to an infinite sequence of layering transitions.Comment: 16 pages (revtex) including 8 figs; to appear in J. Stat. Phy

Absence of increased genomic variants in the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis exposed to Mars‐like conditions outside the space station

Despite the increasing interest in using microbial‐based technologies to support human space exploration, many unknowns remain not only on bioprocesses but also on microbial survivability and genetic stability under non‐Earth conditions. Here the desert cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029 was investigated for robustness of the repair capability of DNA lesions accumulated under Mars‐like conditions (UV radiation and atmosphere) simulated in low Earth orbit using the EXPOSE‐R2 facility installed outside the International Space Station. Genomic alterations were determined in a space‐derivate of Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029 obtained upon reactivation on Earth of the space‐exposed cells. Comparative analysis of whole‐genome sequences showed no increased variant numbers in the space‐derivate compared to triplicates of the reference strain maintained on the ground. This result advanced cyanobacteria‐based technologies to support human space exploration

The UCL Integrated Engineering Programme

In 2014, the UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences introduced the Integrated Engineering Programme – a revision of eight existing degree programmes across a range of engineering disciplines. Centered on a thread of authentic project-based activities, the programme aimed to enhance the students’ understanding of key theoretical concepts and heighten the development of key professional skills. This paper provides an outline of the rationale for the various project-based activities implemented, details their key features and described the impact these activities have had on the students’ development of key skills

An Upsilon Point in a Spin Model

We present analytic evidence for the occurrence of an upsilon point, an infinite checkerboard structure of modulated phases, in the ground state of a spin model. The structure of the upsilon point is studied by calculating interface--interface interactions using an expansion in inverse spin anisotropy.Comment: 18 pages ReVTeX file, including 6 figures encoded with uufile