Origin of volatiles emitted by Plinian mafic eruptions of the Chikurachki volcano, Kurile arc, Russia : trace element, boron and sulphur isotope constraints

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 478 (2018): 131-147, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.009.Chikurachki is a 1816-m high stratovolcano on Paramushir Island, Kurile arc, Russia, which has repeatedly produced highly explosive eruptions of mafic composition. The present work is aimed at constraining the origin of volatile components (CO2, H2O, F, S, and Cl), along with B and S isotopic compositions in a series of phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glasses from basaltic andesite pyroclasts of the 1853, 1986, and prehistoric Plinian eruptions of the volcano. The ranges of volatile concentrations in melt inclusions (47–1580 μg/g CO2, 0.4–4.2 wt% H2O, 399–633 μg/g F, 619–3402 μg/g S and 805–1240 μg/g Cl) imply a sudden pressure release from ~ 460 through ~ 35 MPa that corresponds to ~ 1.2–16-km-depth range of magma ascent upon decompression. We conclude that rapid ascent of the volatile-rich basaltic magmas from ~ 16-km initial depth accompanied by near-surface bubble nucleation and growth, and subsequent magma fragmentation appear to be a primary reason for the Plinian character of the Chikurachki eruptions. Significant negative correlations of S with K, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr (R = − 0.8 to − 0.9), no clear relationships of S with H2O, CO2 and Cl, but strong positive correlations of S/K2O with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/K2O preclude magma degassing to be the only process affecting volatile concentrations dissolved in the melt. The δ34S values of the studied inclusion and groundmass glasses range from − 1.6 to + 12.3‰, decrease with decreasing S, show significant positive correlations with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/Zr, and negative correlations with a number of incompatible trace elements. Neither open- nor close-system magma degassing can account for the observed range of δ34S. The δ11B values of the melt inclusions range from − 7.0 to + 2.4‰ with 13–23 μg/g B. The relationships of δ11B with B/K2O and B/Nb are inconsistent with magma contamination at shallow crustal depths. Linear character of 1/S vs. δ34S relationship suggests two-component mixing. The possible mixing end-members could be the magmas having similar major and trace element compositions, but strongly contrasting volatile contents and S isotopes. Based on the behaviour of fluid-mobile vs. fluid-immobile incompatible trace elements, we conclude that the subduction component likely represents a mixture of subduction sediment-derived melt with up to 60% of slab-derived fluid. Admixture of ~ 1–8% of the inferred subduction component to the depleted mantle wedge source is required to account for the compositional range of the Chikurachki melt inclusions, and ~ 0.4–10% to constrain the composition of Kurile arc mafic magmas.This work was benefited from the NENIMF financial support of AAG during his training as a SIMS research specialist, the NSF grant EAR 0911093 to AAG, and partially from the Russian Science Foundation grant #16-17-10145 to VSK and MEZ

Personality, Emotion and Judgment in Virtual Environments: A Theoretical Framework

As organizations become increasingly reliant on distributive technologies, the processes that underpin the effective functioning of employees in virtual environments require systematic examination. This article provides a theoretical framework for studying personality, emotion and judgment in virtual environments. The communication media characteristics, social context, and individual traits and states are presented to portray the dynamic nature of judgment formation in a virtual environment. We argue that media characteristics, combined with personality, motivation and emergent social contexts serve to shape emotions and resultant judgments. By integrating the Information Systems (IS) and Organizational Behavior/Psychology literatures, we chart a course for research examining personality, emotion and judgments, with implications for any distributed organization

High emission rate of sulfuric acid from Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka

High concentrations of primary sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in fumarolic gases and high emission rate of sulfuric acid aerosol in the plume were measured at Bezymianny volcano, an active dome-growing andesitic volcano in central Kamchatka. Using direct sampling, filter pack sampling, and differential optical absorption spectroscopy measurements, we estimated an average emission of H2SO4 at 243 ± 75 t/d in addition to an average SO2 emission of 212 ± 65 t/d. The fumarolic gases of Bezymianny correspond to arc gases released by several magma bodies at different stages of degassing and contain 25-92% of entrained air. H2SO4 accounts for 6-87 mol% of the total sulfur content, 42.8 mol% on average, and SO2 is the rest. The high H2SO4 in Bezymianny fumaroles can be explained by catalytic oxidation of SO2 inside the volcanic dome. Because sulfate aerosol is impossible to measure remotely, the total sulfur content in a plume containing significant H2SO4 may be seriously underestimated

Initial Construct Validity Evidence of a Virtual Human Application for Competency Assessment in Breaking Bad News to a Cancer Patient

Background: Despite interest in using virtual humans (VHs) for assessing health care communication, evidence of validity is limited. We evaluated the validity of a VH application, MPathic-VR, for assessing performance-based competence in breaking bad news (BBN) to a VH patient. Methods: We used a two-group quasi-experimental design, with residents participating in a 3-hour seminar on BBN. Group A (n=15) completed the VH simulation before and after the seminar, and Group B (n=12) completed the VH simulation only after the BBN seminar to avoid the possibility that testing alone affected performance. Pre-and postseminar differences for Group A were analyzed with a paired t-test, and comparisons between Groups A and B were analyzed with an independent t-test. Results: Compared to the preseminar result, Group A\u27s postseminar scores improved significantly, indicating that the VH program was sensitive to differences in assessing performance-based competence in BBN. Postseminar scores of Group A and Group B were not significantly different, indicating that both groups performed similarly on the VH program. Conclusion: Improved pre-post scores demonstrate acquisition of skills in BBN to a VH patient. Pretest sensitization did not appear to influence posttest assessment. These results provide initial construct validity evidence that the VH program is effective for assessing BBN performance-based communication competence

Putting the “We” Into Well‐being: Using Collectivism‐Themed Measures of Well‐Being Attenuates Well‐being's Association With Individualism

Studies repeatedly have documented that societal well‐being is associated with individualism. Most of these studies, however, have conceptualized/measured well‐being as individual life satisfaction—a type of well‐being that originates in Western research traditions. Drawing from the latest research on interdependent happiness and on family well‐being, we posit that people across cultures pursue different types of well‐being, and test whether more collectivism‐themed types of well‐being that originate in Confucian traditions also are associated with individualism. Based on data collected from 2,036 participants across 12 countries, we find support for the association between individual life satisfaction and individualism at the societal level, but show that well‐being's association with individualism is attenuated when some collectivism‐themed measures of well‐being are considered. Our article advances knowledge on the flourishing of societies by suggesting that individualism may not always be strongly linked with societal well‐being. Implications for public policies are signaled

Healthy people with nature in mind

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: The global disease burden resulting from climate change is likely to be substantial and will put further strain on public health systems that are already struggling to cope with demand. An up- stream solution, that of preventing climate change and associated adverse health effects, is a promising approach, which would create win-win-situations where both the environment and human health benefit. One such solution would be to apply methods of behaviour change to prompt pro-environmentalism, which in turn benefits health and wellbeing. DISCUSSION: Based on evidence from the behavioural sciences, we suggest that, like many social behaviours, pro- environmental behaviour can be automatically induced by internal or external stimuli. A potential trigger for such automatic pro-environmental behaviour would be natural environments themselves. Previous research has demonstrated that natural environments evoke specific psychological and physiological reactions, as demonstrated by self-reports, epidemiological studies, brain imaging techniques, and various biomarkers. This suggests that exposure to natural environments could have automatic behavioural effects, potentially in a pro-environmental direction, mediated by physiological reactions. Providing access and fostering exposure to natural environments could then serve as a public health tool, together with other measures, by mitigating climate change and achieving sustainable health in sustainable ecosystems. However, before such actions are implemented basic research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved, and applied investigations are needed to explore real world impacts and effect magnitudes. As environmental research is still not sufficiently integrated within medical or public health studies there is an urgent need to promote interdisciplinary methods and investigations in this critical field. Health risks posed by anthropogenic climate change are large, unevenly distributed, and unpredictable. To ameliorate negative impacts, pro-environmental behaviours should be fostered. Potentially this could be achieved automatically through exposure to favourable natural environments, with an opportunity for cost-efficient nature-based solutions that provide benefits for both the environment and public health

Electric dipole moments and the search for new physics

Static electric dipole moments of nondegenerate systems probe mass scales for physics beyond the Standard Model well beyond those reached directly at high energy colliders. Discrimination between different physics models, however, requires complementary searches in atomic-molecular-and-optical, nuclear and particle physics. In this report, we discuss the current status and prospects in the near future for a compelling suite of such experiments, along with developments needed in the encompassing theoretical framework.Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021; updated with community edits and endorsement

Family first: Evidence of consistency and variation in the value of family versus personal happiness across 49 different cultures

People care about their own well-being, but also about the well-being of their families. It is currently however unknown how much people tend to value their own and their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size (N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries (N = 49), We found that the strength of the idealization of family over personal happiness preference was small (average Cohen’s ds = .20 with country levels varying from -.02 to almost .48), but ubiquitous, i.e., direction presented in 98% of the studied countries, 73-75% with statistical significance and .40 and .30). Importantly, we did not find strong support for traditional theories in cross-cultural psychology that associate collectivism with greater prioritization of the family versus the individual; country level individualism-collectivism was not associated with variation in the idealization of family versus individual happiness. Our findings indicate that no matter how much various populists abuse the argument of “protecting family life” to disrupt emancipation, family happiness seems to be a pan-culturally phenomenon. Family well-being is a key ingredient of social fabric across the world, and should be acknowledged by psychology and well-being researchers, and by progressive movements too

Composition, crystallization conditions and genesis of sulfide-saturated parental melts of olivine-phyric rocks from Kamchatsky Mys (Kamchatka, Russia)

Highlights • Parental melts of sulfide-bearing KM rocks have near primary MORB-like composition. • Crystallization of these S-saturated melts occurred in near-surface conditions. • Extensive fractionation and crustal assimilation are not the causes of S-saturation. • S content in melts can be restored by accounting for daughter sulfide globules. Abstract Sulfide liquids that immiscibly separate from silicate melts in different magmatic processes accumulate chalcophile metals and may represent important sources of the metals in Earth's crust for the formation of ore deposits. Sulfide phases commonly found in some primitive mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) may support the occurrence of sulfide immiscibility in the crust without requiring magma contamination and/or extensive fractionation. However, the records of incipient sulfide melts in equilibrium with primitive high-Mg olivine and Cr-spinel are scarce. Sulfide globules in olivine phenocrysts in picritic rocks of MORB-affinity at Kamchatsky Mys (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) represent a well-documented example of natural immiscibility in primitive oceanic magmas. Our study examines the conditions of silicate-sulfide immiscibility in these magmas by reporting high precision data on the compositions of Cr-spinel and silicate melt inclusions, hosted in Mg-rich olivine (86.9–90 mol% Fo), which also contain globules of magmatic sulfide melt. Major and trace element contents of reconstructed parental silicate melts, redox conditions (ΔQFM = +0.1 ± 0.16 (1σ) log. units) and crystallization temperature (1200–1285 °C), as well as mantle potential temperatures (~1350 °C), correspond to typical MORB values. We show that nearly 50% of sulfur could be captured in daughter sulfide globules even in reheated melt inclusions, which could lead to a significant underestimation of sulfur content in reconstructed silicate melts. The saturation of these melts in sulfur appears to be unrelated to the effects of melt crystallization and crustal assimilation, so we discuss the reasons for the S variations in reconstructed melts and the influence of pressure and other parameters on the SCSS (Sulfur Content at Sulfide Saturation)