Development of tools for automated physical weed control

Tools are being developed for automated physical weed control in the close to crop area. The most promising weed control concepts are the so-called high precision tillage solutions and thermal weed control by pulsed lasers

Digital images for assessing soil cover of crop plants

The main drawback by using crop soil cover in weed harrowing research is that it is assessed by visual scores, which are biased and context dependent. This problem may be solved by using digital image analysis. In this paper a new image capture standard and digital image analysis procedure was used to illustrate three key issues in relation to weed harrowing; selectivity, resistance and recovery. All issues require reliable assessments of crop soil cover. Crop soil cover was deduced from assessments of leaf cover, which is defined as the proportion of pixels in digital images determined to be green. Objective assessments of leaf cover and crop soil cover showed that the selectivity of weed harrowing in winter wheat and spring barley was unaffected by timing within a two weeks interval. Crop recovery, defined as the ability of the crop to recover from soil cover was determined in winter wheat and highly influenced by timing of weed harrowing. Increasing intensities of harrowing in growth stage (BBCH) 22 in winter wheat increased crop yields whereas crop yields declined by increasing intensities in growth stage 23 due to differences in the crop recovery capacity. Resistance defined as the capacity of the crop to resist soil cover was tested in barley, field pea and mixtures of barley and field pea. No differences were found between the crops. Future aims in mechanical weed control research are discussed in the context of the availability of unbiased crop soil cover data

Seed mapping of sugar beet to guide weeding robots

Individual plant care in agriculture will lead to new opportunities in crop management. Not only the weeding operation is in focus here but it will be more in general for individual chemical or physical treatments of individual weed or crop plants. For the application of fertilizers and chemicals in small dose rates and accurately targeted advanced sensor information e.g. based on spectral responses can be used to consider the individual plant needs ('the speaking plant'). This will have a significant effect on the reduction of inputs and increase the general efficiency rates of agricultural means. The objective of this project was to provide high accuracy seed position mapping of a field of sugar beet to allow subsequent physical weeding as inter- and within-row treatments. By knowing where the seeds were placed the assumption was that the plants will show up close by. This information about where the individual plants are can be used to show where the crop rows are. Therefore, this can be used as an appropriate information for guiding tractors and/or implements. At least for steering operations for inter-row weeding this procedure can be sufficient. A high accurate, cm-level, RTK GPS, optical seed detectors and a data logging system were retrofitted on to a conventional sugar beet precision seeder to map the seeds as they were planted (Nørremark et al., 2003). The average error between the seed map and the actual plant map was between 16 mm and 43 mm depending on vehicle speed and seed spacing (Griepentrog et al., 2003). Both parameters influenced the plant position estimates significantly. The seed spacing was particularly important because of its influence on the potential of seed displacements in the furrow after passing the seed detecting sensors. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the estimated plant positions were acceptable for the guidance of vehicles and implements for weeding purposes as well as for individual plant treatments. This research is contributing to the ongoing Danish research project Robotic Weeding as a cooperative research project of The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL), Frederiksberg and the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS), Horsens

A method for high accuracy geo-referencing of data from field operations

In this project a Real Time Kinematic Global Position System (RTKGPS) was used to provide high accuracy field operation data. The deviations and errors of the RTKGPS when used in static and dynamic modes were studied as well as the accuracy of RTK GPS in eastern Denmark (55 40 N, 12 18 E) during a 24-hour test. The project introduced a novel real time data acquisition system and post-processing algorithms for improving positioning by merging RTKGPS data with vehicle altitude

Analysis and Definition of the close-to-crop Area in Relation to Robotic Weeding

The objective of this paper is to analyse and define the field conditions close to the crop plants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The aim is to use this study for the choice and development of new physical weeding methods to target weeds at individual plant scale level. It was found that the close to crop area is like a ring structure, comprising an area between an inner- and outer-circle around the sugar beet seedling. Physical weeding should not be applied to the area within the inner circle. The radius of the inner circle increases with the appearance of young beet leaves during the growth season. It was also found, that no weeds were germinating within 1 cm around individual sugar beet seedlings. Therefore this distance should be added to the radius of the inner circle. The space between the inner and outer circle is termed the close to crop area where physical weeding should be applied. The size of this area is defined by the developmental stage of the sugar beet fibrous root system and foliage. Thus, the determination of the growth stage of individual crop plants is necessary before any physical weeding can take place in the close to crop area. Uprooting, cutting between stem and root or damage of main shoot can do the physical control of most weed species located in the close to crop area. However, the targeting of weeds from above and from different angels above ground is limited in the close to crop area. This is caused by the fact that sugar beet leaves do not leave much space between leaves and ground and that our own study indicate that 26.4% of sugar beet plants at the 4-6 leaf stage are covering the main shoot of weeds. The most problematic weeds are the species, which have their main shoot and leaves located close to ground level. These species can either be controlled by damage of the main shoot or with a combination of shallow surface cutting and burial. Discrimination between weed species is beneficial under certain circumstances. First, the efficiency of the physical control of individual weed species is depending on the timing. Secondly some weeds species do not have significant negative impact on the yield, but instead leaving these species uncontrolled could benefit to an increased bio-diversity and reduced time and energy input for a physical weeding process. This paper is contributing to the ongoing Danish research project Robotic Weeding

TOLERANCE OF CEREALS TO POST- EMERGENCE WEED HARROWING

This study defines crop tolerance to post-emergence weed harrowing as the combined effect of crop resistance and crop recovery. Crop resistance is the ability of the crop to resist soil covering and recovery is the ability to recover in terms of yield. In two experiments, resistance, recovery and tolerance were quantified in barley, oat, wheat and triticale by a new method based on digital image analysis. Important differences in resistance, recovery and tolerance among species were seen and resistance was not linked to recovery. Oat showed higher resistance than wheat, and barley. Triticale showed the lowest resistance. Oat and barley showed both lower ability to recover from soil covering than wheat, and triticale showed complete recovery. Triticale was the most tolerant species followed by wheat, oat and barley. Differences in tolerance caused species dependent crop yield losses in weed-free environments in the range of 0 to 10% for a practical relevant aggressiveness of weed harrowing

A new concept for the control of Elytrigia repens in organic crop production

The control of perennial weeds in organic crop production needs reconsideration to minimise losses of nutrients through leaching. Long post-harvest periods with mechanical weed control hinder a plant cover with the purpose of taking up nutrients not being utilised by the main crop to maintain soil fertility. To meet the interests of nutrient and weed management, we suggest a new concept for the control of perennial weeds with propagules placed within the plough layer. The concept comprises uprooting and immediate removal of Elytrigia repens rhizomes with modified machinery to allow for a quick re-establishment of a plant cover to avoid longer periods of bare soil. Four passes with a modified cultivator where each pass was followed by rhizome removal and finally catch crop growing reduced E. repens shoot growth in a subsequent spring barley crop by 84 and 97%, respectively, in two field experiments on a sandy soil. Small remains of rhizomes in the soil following uprooting did not result in a higher shoot production rate than larger residuals as otherwise hypothesised. For the further development of the concept, we suggest focusing on lifting principles known from potato harvesters as effective uprooting and removal might be achieved with fewer passes

Advanced Non-Chemical and Close to Plant Weed Control system for Organic Agriculture

Use of chemical has been reduced in agriculture for controlling weeds emergence. The use of alternative systems, such as cultural practices (mulching, flame, intercropping etc.) and mechanical system (hoe, tine etc.) has been introduced by various researchers. Automation technique based on sensors controlled system has enhanced the efficiency of the mechanical system for weed control. Mostly, low cost image acquisition sensors and optical sensor to detect the plant ensuring swift operation of vehicles close the crop plants to remove competitive weeds. The available system need to be evaluated to get best possible system for close to plant (CTP) weed removal. In the study various non-chemical weed control measures has been explored and 30 mechanical tools for CTP were evaluated. High precision tillage solutions and thermal weed control by pulsed lasers for eradication of stem or main shoot were found to be the most promising weed control concepts for CTP operation

Assessment of leaf cover and crop soil cover in weed harrowing research using digital images

Objective assessment of crop soil cover, defined as the percentage of leaf cover that has been buried in soil due to weed harrowing, is crucial to further progress in post-emergence weed harrowing research. Up to now, crop soil cover has been assessed by visual scores, which are biased and context dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether digital image analysis is a feasible method to estimate crop soil cover in the early growth stages of cereals. Two main questions were examined: (1) how to capture suitable digital images under field conditions with a standard high-resolution digital camera and (2) how to analyse the images with an automated digital image analysis procedure. The importance of light conditions, camera angle, size of recorded area, growth stage and direction of harrowing were investigated in order to establish a standard for image capture and an automated image analysis procedure based on the excess green colour index was developed. The study shows that the automated digital image analysis procedure provided reliable estimations of leaf cover, defined as the as the proportion of pixels in digital images determined to be green, which were used to estimate crop soil cover. A standard for image capture is suggested and it is recommended to use digital image analysis to estimated crop soil cover in future research. The prospects of using digital image analysis in future weed harrowing research are discussed

Forskning i ukrudtsharvning får nyt liv med digital billedbehandling

Digital billedbehandling udfylder et metodemæssigt tomrum i forhold til ukrudtsharvning. Med udvikling af en ny billedbehandlingsprocedure er det ikke længere nødvendigt at anvende visuelle bedømmelser af afgrødetildækningen ved ukrudtsharvning. Artiklen giver eksempler på hvordan digital billedbehandling kan anvnedes